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ARTICLE
THERIVERRUNSDRY:WHENTITLEVITRUMPSSTATEANTI-AFFIRMATIVEACTIONLAWS
KIMBERLYWEST-FAULcod
Opponentsofaffirmativeactionarewaginganationalbattleoverrace-consciousadmissionsthroughstateballotinitiativeslikeCalifornia
J-
Proposi-tion209,Washington'sInitiative200,Michigan'sProposal
2,
andNe-braska'sInitiative
424.
Tocomplywiththesenewvoter-approved,anti-affirmativeactionlaws,publicuniversitieshaveeliminatedtheiraffirmativeactionpolicies,andthishashadanegativeimpactonminorityadmissionsrates.Atthesametime,federalantidiscriminationlaw--TitleVIoftheCivilRightsActof
1964
anditsimplementingregulations-prohibitstheseuniversi-tiesfromusingselectioncriteriathathavetheeffectofdiscriminatingagainstapplicantsonthebasisoftheirrace.Legalscholarshavelargelyignoredthis
t
AssociateProfessorofLaw,LoyolaLawSchool,LosAngeles,atLoyolaMary-mountUniversity;B.A.,DukeUniversity;J.D.,YaleLawSchool.IwishtothankWilliamAraiza,TomikoBrown-Nagin,DevonCarbado,RobertChang,BriettaClark,KimberleCrenshaw,CherylHarris,AllanIdes,AdrianLeBlanc,AlexandraNatapoff,LeePether-bridge,SamuelPilsbury,SeanScott,MarcyStrauss,JulieSu,DanielTokajiandGaryWilliamsfortheirencouragementandveryinsightfulcommentsaswellastheChiefJusticeEarlWarrenInstituteonRace,
Ethniciry,
andDiversityattheUniversityofCali-forniaatBerkeley,BoaltHallSchoolofLaw,Christopher
Edley,
andGoodwinLiuforinspiringandsupportinganearlierdraftofthispaper.SpecialthankstoShawnChangandElliotHenryfortheirsuperbresearchassistanceandtoNaShaunNealandBar-mall.Nassirianforlocatinghelpfulresearchmaterialsrelevanttothisproject.ThisAr-ticlealsobenefitedfromcommentsmadebyparticipantsintheUCLASchoolofLawFacultyColloquium,LoyolaLawSchoolFacultyWorkshop,UCLASchoolofLawCriti-calRaceStudiesWorkshop,Southeast/SouthwestPeopleofColorLegalScholarshipConferenceatFloridaA&MUniversityCollegeofLaw,andtheChiefJusticeEarlWar-renInstitutesymposium,
Equal0plJortunityinHigherEducation:ThePastandFutureofProposition
209
attheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Ialsothanktheeditorsofthe
UniversityofPennsyloaniaLawReview
fortheirmeticulousattentiontodetail.
(1075)
 
1076
UniversityofPennsylvaniaLawReview
[Vol.157:1075
tensionbetweenstateanti-affirmativeactionlawsandfederalantidiscrimina-tionlaw.Consequently,withseeminglylittleregardforTitleVIfederalcioilrightslaw,publicuniversitieshavebeenpronetoassumethat"affirmativeac-tion-less"admissionspoliciesandplungingminorityadmissionsaretheinevi-tableoutcomeofcompliancewithstateanti-affirmativeactionlaws.Atanaffirmaiioeaction-lessuniversity,theriverrunsdry-theinstitutionvirtuallystopsadmittingcertainracialgroupsandpresumesthatstateanti-affirmativeactionlawsdictatesucharesult.ThisArticlechallengesthisframing.Itspointofdeparture
is
toexjJlainhowtheprominentroleoftheSATinselectivecollegeadmissions,dictatedinlargemeasurebyitsimportanceincollege-rankingandfinancialbond-ratingsystems,createsanincentiveforuniversitiestoadopt"minority-deficiency"over"test-deficiency"explanationsforracialdif-ferencesinSATscores.,TheArticlethenendeavorstoshiftthefocusfromthestatelawanti-"preference"constraintsplacedonpublicuniversitiestothefed-eralantidiscriminationconstraintsthatTitleVIimposesonthesameinstitu-tions.Itconsiderswhetheruniversitiesthatcompletelyabolishaffirmativeac-tiontocomplywithstateanti-affirmativeactioninitiativesmayactuallybebreakingthelawwithrespecttoTitleVI.Todernonstratethisj70int,thisArticleusesstatisticaltestsforidentifyingTitleVIdisparateimpact-"effectdiscrimi-nation"-toanalyzeselectiveCaliforniaandWashingtonpublicuniversityadmissionscyclesaftertheenactmentofanti-affirmativeactionlaws.Itfindsracialdisparitiesinadmissionstoaffirmativeaction-lessuniversitiesofsuffi-cientmagnitudethat,ifunjustified,couldestablishthataninstitutionhasacompellinginterestinconsideringracetocomplywithfederalantidiscrimina-tionlaw.Animportantconclusionjlowsfromthisanalysis.Stateanti-affirmativeactionlawsmaypermittheconsiderationofraceifundertakentoremedyfederal"racialeffectdiscrimination."
INTRODUCTION·······
1078
1.
RECKONINGWITHTHEENDOFAFFIRMATIVEACTION
1086
A.
GenesisandFutureofStateAnti-AffirmativeActionLaws1087
B.
TheStructureofStateAnti-AffirmativeActionLaws1091
C.
RacialImpactonSelectiveAdmissions1092
1.DecliningMinorityAdmissionsandEnrollmentNumbers10932.DecliningRatesofMinorityAdmissions1095
D.
RacialDisparityinLieuofRacialPatityinAdmissions1098
II.
EVALUATINGTHEROLEOFTHESATINSELECTIVEADMISSIONS
1103
A.
UniversityRankingandRatingBasedonInstitutionalAverageSATScore1105
B.
DebatingMinorityDeficiencyVersusTestD~ficiency
1109
 
2009]
StateAnti-AffirmativeActionLawsandTitleVI
1077
1.TheWell-MeaningHistoryandIntentoftheSATinCollegeAdmissions11132.EffectivenessoftheSATinDistinguishingAmongstHighlyQualifiedApplicants1114
a.
PredictiveAbilityoftheSATToAssessCollegePerformance
1116b.
AbilityoftheSATToPredictAcademicPerformanceofRacialMinorities
1117
C.
TheRelationshipBetweenAffirmativeActionandtheRacialGapinSATScores
1118
Ill.
ADMISSIONDISPARITIESASTITLE
VI
EFFECTDISCRIMINATION
1120
A.
RationaleandEnforcementMechanismsfortheTitleVIEffect-DiscriminationStandard
1122
B.
TheTheoryUnderlyingTitleVIRacialEffectDiscrimination1124
C.
ProvingTitleVIEffectDiscrimination
11281.UCBerkeleyandUCLA11312.UniversityofWashington1142
N.
THEDuTYToCOMPLYWITHTITLE
VI
ASAREMEDIALRATIONALEFORAFFIRMATIVEACTION
1145
A.
DiversityastheDefaultRationaleforAffirmativeActioninHigher-EducationAdmissions
1146
B.
TitleVILiabilityasaRemedialRationaleUnderFederalLaw"
1148
C.
PermissibilityofRemedialAffirmativeActionUnderStateAnti-AffinnativeActionLaws
11521.ApplyingtheAntipreferenceProvisiontoTestDeficiency11532.InterpretingtheFederal-FundingException1155
V.
RESPONSIBILITYFORRACIALDISPARITY
1158
CONCLUSION
1159
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