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bk&S f.ZeD; avmf&mbk&Sf wufa&muf_yD; a':atmifqef;pk]unfud k csufcsif;
v$wfay;&efawmif;qd kum tm%m&&DywfbvDuefygwDESif hþtwdkuftcH'Drd k
u&ufygwDrSþtxufv$wfawmftrwf
rsm;tm;vHk;tm; jrefrmhta&;ukdtwl
wuGyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifoG m;&efþwk duf
wGef;vk dufonf?tar&dueftrsKd;orD;txufv$wf
awmftrwfrsm;. yxrqH k;v+yf&S m;r+
tjzpfjrefrmEdkifiH&SdEk difiHa&;tusOf;
om;rsm;tm;vHk;ESifhvmrnfhar (27)
&ufwGifþaetdrftus,fcsKyfoufwrf;
jynfhawmhrnf h a':atmifqef;pk]unf
tm; v$wfay;a&; ppftpdk;&uk dzdtm;
ay;&ef ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyfbefuDrGef;xHtrsKd;orD;txufv$wf
awmftrwf(16) OD;u pma&;awmif;
qdkonf?tar&dueftrsKd;orD;trwfrsm;pkpnf;I jrefrmhta&;aqmif&Gufvm
onfudk trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf(jrefrmEdkifiH) obmywdtzGJ Œ0ifeef;
qdkifaES mif;u ¯udqd kvd kuf_yD; pdwftm;
wufzG,fjzpfonf[k ajymonf?‚if;u “jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tajymif;
tvJawGjzpfay:vmzd k‹ &,f/ ud k,f hEd kifiH
olEd kifiHom;awGtxl;ojzif hppfwyf&J Œ
vl ‹ tcGif hta&;csKd;azmufr+awGud kcHpm;
ae&wJhtrsKd;orD;awG&JΠtajctae
awGud k olwdk‹ odxm;]uw,f? olwdk‹
odxm;wJht&mawGudk tar&dueforRwuawmf&,f/ trsKd;orD;v$wfawmftrwfawG&,fu Ed kifiHwumud k
rD;armif;xd k;jyEd kifrS mjzpfwJ htwGuftm;
wufp&mjzpfygw,f” [kajymonf?
tar&dueftrsKd;orD;trwfrsm;jrefrmhta&;vkyfaqmifrnf
ausmfxif(xk dif;)
§
ar 15
jrefrmEk difiHausmif;om;v+yf&S m;r+ork dif;
pmtkyfukdArmEkdifiHvkH;qk dif&mausmif;
om;or*~rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (Ek difiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD) u ,ckv (14) &ufwGif xkwfa0jzef‹ csdvdkufonf?
ausmif;om;vli,frsKd;qufrsm;/jynfwGif;jynfyrSavhvmolrsm;/ ynm
&Sifrsm;ESifh orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef«ypk&eftaxmuftul«yEdkifa&; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzif hpmtkyfud kxkwfa0onf[k
‘Auo’u ajymonf?&efukefpufr+wuUokdvf ausmif;
om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaomþuk datmif
xGef;a&;om;«ypkonfh pmtkyfwGif1903 rS1991 cktxd(88) ESpfwmausmif;om;v+yf&S m;r+ukd tykdif; (3)
yk dif;cG Jxm;_yD; ,ckxGufvmaompmtkyf
wGif 1903-42 yxrykdif;ESif h 1945-62 'kwd,yk dif;wkd‹ yg0ifonf?
“1962-91 txduawmhpma&;oltaeeJ‹ a&;om;«ypk_yD;_yDvkd‹ ,lq&ygw,f? wwd,ykdif;ukd qufvuf
xkwfa0Ek difzk d ‹ þ¯ud;pm;yghr,f”þ[kþAuo
(EkdifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD) rSwm0ef&SdolukdZifarmifu ,ae‹ «yvkyfonfh
csif;rdkif°rdŒ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGifajymonf?1998 ckESpfqef;yk dif;wGifpmtkyf
v#Kd ‹0Sufjzef‹ csdr+a]umif h ukdatmifxGef;
onfaxmif'%f(17) ESpfuscHcJ h&_yD;
pmtkyf«ypka&;wGifþyg0ifulnDcJ holþ(22)
OD;rS mvnf; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%frsm; cs
rSwfcHcJh&onf?“ppftpkd;&vufatmufrSmawmhb,fjzpf&yfrSefuk drSa&;om;azmfxkwf
cGifhr&Sdbl;? txl;ojzifhausmif;om;
v+yf&S m;r+qkd&if yk dqkd;w,f? 'ga]umifh
'Dpmtkyfa&;om;ola&m ulnDolawGuk dygaxmifcsypfvkdufwm? bbOD;tk H;
jrif hwk d ‹ vk dþtk d}uD;tk drawGuk dawmifrcsef
bl;” [k ud kZifarmifu ajymonf?
jrefrmEk difiHvk H;qk dif&mausmif;om;
rsm;'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD;
(ABSDF)
OuU@ uk doHcJuþxk dpmtkyfonfþpmtkyf
trnfESifhavsmfnDpG m 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ppftm%m&Sifpepfqef‹usifa&;ESifhvGwfvyfpGmynmoif]um;cGifh&Sda&;
jrefrmEk difiHausmif;om;v_yf&S m;r_ork dif; jzef ‹csd
ponf h tajccHv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;uk d aZmif;
ay;azmfjyEkdifonf h pmtkyfjzpfa]umif;
oHk;oyfonf?“'Dvk dwefzk d;&S dwJhpmtkyfukdAuo
(Ek difiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD) uxkwfa0
w,fqkdwm[m wm0efw&yfukdxrf;
aqmifvk dufwmjzpfw,fvk d ‹ ,lqw,f?
'DtcsuftvufawGu 'Drk dua&pDa&;
twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaeolawGtzkd ‹ vrf;
!¸efcsufawG trsm;}uD;ay;Ekdifvdrfhr,fvkd ‹ usaemfxifw,f” [k ‚if;u
ajymonf?pma&;ol udkatmifxGef;. trSmpmwGif 'kwd,wG Jjzpfonf h 1945-62
txda&;om;&mwGifxk dpOfu tm%m
&ygwDrsm;ESifh twkduftcHrsm;.taumif;tqk d;uk da0zefa&;om;jcif;
r[kwfbJ xkdtcsdefumvu jzpfay: aeaom ausmif;om;trsm;pk. qENESif h wxyfwnf;jzpfonf hausmif;om;
v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ukdom &SmazGa&;om;xm;a]umif;/ ausmif;om;qkdonfrSm
rnfonfhacwftcsdefwGifrqdk±kd;om;
pG mþtrSeftwk dif;jrifr+rsm;tm;þazmfxkwf
_yD; v+yf&Sm;r+«yvkyf]ua]umif; a&;om;xm;onf?pmtkyfudk ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ ŒcsKyf(EkdifiH
jcm;a&;&maumfrwD) xH rSm,lEk dif_yD;xkdif;EkdifiHtwGif; bwf(1˜000) ESifh
jyifyrSrS m,lvkdolrsm;twGufa':vm
(30) owfrSwfxm;um pmyk d‹ c oD;oef ‹
ay;aqmif&rnfjzpfonf?
tar&dueforRwuawmfavmf&mbk&S f(v,f) uk dtrwfESpfOD;ESif htwl
P h o t o : A F P P h o t o : A F P
rpPwmtDb&m[if*rfbm&D
yDwmatmif
§
ar 22
etzppftpdk;&. trsKd;om;nDvmcHud kþtodtrSwfr«ya]umif;ESif hþoufqd kif
oltm;vH k;yg0ifEkdifonf h trsKd;om;nD
vmcHtjzpfþ«yjyifajymif;vJ&efþ*syefESif h
tmqD,HEd kifiHrsm;rS v$wfawmftrwf
rsm;u awmif;qd konf?*syefEdkifiHwd kusKd°rdŒY ,refae‹ u
usif;yonf h jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;qdkif
&m aqG;aEG;yG JwGif awmif;qdkjcif;jzpf
_yD; aqG;aEG;yGJY *syef/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/xdkif;/ rav;&S m;/ zdvpfyd kif/ pifumyl
ESifh uarBm'D;,m;wdk‹rS tm%m&ESifhtwdkuftcH v$wfawmftrwfrsm;/jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD
(NCUB)
ESif h jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&
(NCGUB)
wdk ‹ rSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;þwuf
a&mufaqG;aEG;]uonf?
NCUB
*syefEdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,fa'gufwmrif;ndKu “jrefrmjynfrSmppftpd k;&u trsKd;om;nDvmcHvkyf_yD;
awmhteft,fvf'DeJ ‹ tjcm;a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡ mufxm;wJ hwd kif;&if;om;acgif;
aqmifawGrygbl;qdk&if olwdk‹ 'gudktodtrSwfr«yEd kifbl;wJ h? «yjyifajymif;
vJa&;ud kvkyfyg/ awG ŒqH kaqG;aEG;a&;
vkyfyg/þtJovk drvkyfbl;qd k&if pD;yG m;
a&;tultnDawGray;Edkifbl;qkdwm
udkolwkd‹ ajymcJ hw,f” [k ajymonf?
,ckaqG;aEG;yG Ja]umif h jrefrmh'Drd k
ua&pD«yjyifajymif;vJa&;ESif hþa':atmif
qef;pk]unfvGwfajrmufa&;wd k ‹ twGuf
*syefv$wfawmfY trwfrsm;udk,fwdkif
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfvm_yD; *syeftpd k;&uþjrefrmppftpd k;&udkþzdtm;rsm;
ydkrdkay;vmEkdifrnf[k ‚if;uqufvufajym]um;onf?*syef/ w±kwfESifh tmqD,HuJhodk‹ a'owGif;EdkifiHrsm;u twlwuGyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufygu jrefrmEdkifiHYxda&mufonfh EdkifiHa&;t& awGŒqH kaqG;aEG;r+rsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf[kþtcdkif
trm,Hk]unfa]umif;
NCGUB
0ef}uD;csKyf a'gufwmpdef0if;u aqG;aEG;yG Jrdef‹ cGef;wGifajym]um;onf?
‚if;u “vuf&Sdwm0ef,laewJhppftpd k;&u vlxkw&yfvH k;ud k ppfwyf
&J‹ u|efjzpfatmifvkyfr,fh tajccHOya'udk qufa&;qGJaer,fqkd&if'Drdkua&pDa&;/ wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG&J‹tcGifhta&;/ vlr+pD;yGm;a&;eJ‹ Ed kifiHa&;yËdyuQawGþajyvnfrS mr[kwf
bJ ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmrSmjzpfw,f” [kajymonf?a':atmifqef;pk]unfESif hEd kifiHa&;
tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;/trsKd;om;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;twGuf
ppftpdk;&/ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒ csKyfESif h wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; awGŒ
qHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ ukvor*~vHk°cHa&;aumifpDu jypf'%fcwfr+rygbJ vd kuf
em&rnf hþqH k;jzwfcsufwckþcsrSwfay;a&;
wd k ‹ twGuf¯ud;yrf;oG m;&efvnf; *syef
ESifhþtmqD,HvGwfawmftrwfrsm;uaqG;aEG;yG JwGifþoabmwlnD]uonf?
a'gufwmpdef0if;
P h o t o : A P
á
3
pmrsufES m (3)pmrsufES m (3)
pmrsufES m (3)pmrsufES m (3)pmrsufES m (3)
ZGef/ 2007 ckZGef/ 2007 ck
ZGef/ 2007 ckZGef/ 2007 ck
ZGef/ 2007 ck
yDwmatmif
§
ar 18
etzppftpdk;&tzGJŒ0if twGif;a&;rª;(1) 'k-Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefud k jrefrm
EdkifiH. acwW0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf ,ae‹
xkwf ppftpdk;&yd kifowif;pmrsm;wGif
azmfjyonf?‚if;tm; 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfcef‹ tyf
a]umif; ppftpd k;&u w&m;0ifowif;
'k-Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefudkacwW0ef}uD;csKyfcef ‹
NEJ/
ar 18
jrefrmEdkifiHtm; pD;yG m;a&;ydwfqdk‹ '%f
cwfta&;r+ wESpfoufwrf;xyfwd k;a&; qufvufaqmif&Guf&eft ar&d
ueforRwa*smh'AvsLbk&S fuþvufrSwf
a&;xd k;a]umif; orRwtdrfjzLawmfu
xkwfjyefa]unmonf?ppftpdk;&vufxuf qufvuf,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeonfh jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaetay: orRwbk&S fuþtav;
xm;ylyefr+udk jyovdkufjcif;jzpf_yD;jrefrmEdkifiHY rif;qdk;rif;npftqHk;owfapa&; ±kef;uefaeolrsm;ESif htwl
&yfwnfrludk jyojcif;jzpfa]umif;,refae‹ a]unmcsufY yg&Sdonf?jrefrmEkdifiHudk pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk‹ '%fcwfonfhþtrsKd;om;ta&;ay: trdef‹
(extension of a declaration of national emergency)
ud k orRw uvifwefvufxuf 1997 arwGif pwifxkwfjyefcJ h_yD; ESpfpOf wESpfoufwrf;
qufwk dufwdk;cJ honf?
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wGifjrefrmEd kifiHY &if;ESD;jr‡KyfES Hr+topf
rsm; xyfrvkyf&efESifh jrefrmEdkifiHrSukefypPnf;rsm;ud k vufrcH&efponfh
wm;jrpfcsufrsm; yg0ifonf?jrefrmppftpd k;&onfþ,cifoDwif;
ywfrsm;twGif; {&m0wDwd kif;Y ‚if;.
cg;yd kufaqmiftzGJŒtpnf;ud koH k;I Oy
a'rJhwdkufckdufr+rsm;«yvkyfcJh_yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;0wf«yqkawmif;olrsm;ud k taES mifht
,Sufay;zrf;qD;aeonf[kþa]unmcsufwGifþxnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf?xdk ‹jyif “1990 jynfha&G;aumuf
yG J (17) ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfumveD;uyfvmonfESif htr#þppftpd k;&onf
yd krdk&ufpufydkrd kzdES dyfvm_yD; tdrfeD;csif;
EdkifiHrsm;ESifhEd kifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;
.þpdk;&drfylyefr+rsm;ud kþyd krd krxDrJ hjrif fvkyf
vmonf”þ[kvnf;þa0zefxm;onf?trsKd;om;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;ESif h
ppfrSefonf hawG ŒqH kaqG;aEG;a&; pwif
Edkif&ef a':atmifqef;pk]unfESif h Ed kifiH
a&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; ¹cGif;csufr&Sdcsufcsif;jyefv$wfay;&efþtar&duefu
jrefrmtpd k;&ud kþawmif;qd k_yD;þ'Drd kua&pD
pepfqDoG m;ygrnf[kþuwday;xm;onf h
twd kif; a&S ›qufraqmif&GufEdkifonfh
ppftpd k;&ud kþEd kifiHtm;vH k;uþjywfjywfom;
om;±+wfcs&efvnf; wdkufwGef;onf?
tar&duefu 2003 ckwGif‘jrefrmEd kifiHvGwfvyfr+ESif h'Drd kua&pDqd kif&m
Oya'’þudkþxyfrHjy@mef;_yD; jrefrmEdkifiH
tay:þ'%fcwfydwfqd k ‹ r+rsm;þ«yvkyfvsuf
&S donf?þ,if;Oya'ud kþ,refESpf]o*kwf
Y (3) ESpfoufwrf;þxyfwd k;xm;onf?
ydwfqd k‹ '%fcwfr+rsm;wGif jrefrm
EdkifiHrSoGif;ukefrsm;udkvufrcH&efESihf
jrefrmEd kifiHwGifþ&if;ES D;jr‡KyfES Hr+topfrsm;
xyfrvkyf&ef wm;jrpfcsufrsm;yg0if_yD; tar&duefEdkifiH&S d etzppftpdk;&
tzG J Œ0ifrsm;. yd kifqd kifr+rsm;ud kcsdwfydwf
jcif;ESif h ppftpd k;&t&m&Sdrsm;tm; jynf
0ifcGifhADZmydwfyifjcif;wdk‹ yg0ifonf?
jrefrmppftpd k;&ud ktar&duefu
'%fcwfta&;,lr_oufwrf;xyfwd k;
rxkwfjyefaomfvnf; uarB m'D;,m;
0ef}uD;csKyf qrf'uf[Gefqif jrefrmEd kifiHodk ‹ cspf]unfa&;c&D; oGm;a&muf
rnfhowif;Y 'k-AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdef
tm; jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfacwW0ef}uD;csKyf[k azmfjyxm;onf?
vuf&Sd0ef}uD;csKyf Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if;onf pifumylEd kifiHodk‹ 'kwd,t}udrfoG m;a&mufumþaq;ukor+cH,l
ae&_yD; aoG;uifqma&m*gcHpm;ae&onf[kowif;rsm;xGufay:aeaomf
vnf; ‚if;.usef;rma&;tajctaeESifhywfoufI ppftpdk;&u v#Kd‹ 0Sufxm;onf?0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efud k twGif;a&;
rª; (1) rsm;u tpOftvmt& &,ljcif;omjzpf_yD; ,ckvnf; Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;
pd k;0if; usef;rma&;raumif;jzpfaecsdef
wGifþ'k-Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefuþ0ef}uD;
csKyfwm0ef&,ljcif;omjzpfI oufa&mufr+wpH kw&m&S drnfr[kwf[k'Drd k
ua&pDESif hzG H Ρzd;wd k;wufa&; okawoe
Xme }uD;]uyfa&;rª; OD;aX;atmifuoHk;oyfonf?‚if;u “0ef}uD;csKyf b,folyJjzpfjzpfolwdk‹ csxm;_yD;om; vrf;a]umif;
ay:rSm/ rl0g'ay:rSmyJ 0ef}uD;csKyfuoleJ‹qdkifwJhtydkif;udk wm0ef,loGm;&rSmyJav? usaemfxifwmuawmhodyf_yD;awmh bmrSajymif;vJp&mta]umif;awmhr&S dvSbl;” [kajymonf?
2004 ckwGif0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;rS
z,f&S m;cH&onfhAdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef‹
ae&mY twGif;a&;rª; (1) AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if;udktpm;xk d;cef‹ tyf_yD; 'k-
Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefu twGif;a&;rª;
(1) jzpfvmonf?
NEJ/
ar 16
EsLuvD;,m;"mwfaygif;zd kwnfaqmuf
rnf htpDpOfrsKd;twGufjrefrmEdkifiHwGif
vHk°cHa&;tpDtrHrsm; uif;rJhaeojzifhpdk;&drfylyefa]umif; tar&dueftpkd;&
u xkwfjyefa]unmonf?“ollwd k‹ rS m bmtqifhrD vH k°cHa&;rS
r&Sdbl;? olwk d‹ rS m EsLuvD,m;tiftm;
twGuf]uyfrwfxdef;odrf;zdk ‹eJ ‹ pDrHcef ‹
cGJzdk ‹ pepfvnf;r&S dbl;” [k tar&duef
Ed kifiHjcm;a&;Xme vufaxmufajymcGif h
&yk*~ dKvf wGrfaupDu ajymonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGifEsLuvD;,m;tif
tm;ESif hywfoufI tajccHvkyfxH k;a&m
vkyfydkifcGifhygr&Sd[k ‚if;u ,refae‹ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif ajym]um;onf?±k&S-jrefrm oabmwlcsuft&jrefrmEd kifiHwGif(10) rD*g0yfþEsLuvD;
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(Rosatom)
u ,ckv (15) &ufwGif xkwfjyefa]unmonfhudpPESifhywfoufI xdkodk‹ ajym]um;jcif;jzpfonf?oabmwlnDcsufwGif EsLuvD;,m;okawoeXmewck jrefrmEdkifiHwGifwnfaxmifa&;/ ,if;XmeY ,la&eD,H(235) . (20) &mcdkifE+ef;oef ‹
pif xkwfvkyfrnfh h (10) rD*g0yf&SdtEk
jrL"mwfaygif;zd kwckwnfaqmufa&;/
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NEJ/
ar 23
&efukefwdkif; ausmufwef;°rdŒe,f&dSoDv0gqdyfurf;Y qdkufuyfonfhajrmufud k&D;,m;oabF mowif;,l&ef
oGm;a&mufpOf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&onf howif;axmuf(2) OD; ,refae‹
Y jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonf?oDv0gqdyfurf;þ
MITT
wGifþ,ckv(20)þ&ufYqd kufuyfonf hþajrmufud k&D;
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Kang Nan-I
ESif hywfoufIþowif;
,l&efoG m;a&mufonf hþeDyGefwDAD Gowif;
XmerSOD;atmifa&$OD;ESif h a':qif hqifh
atmifwd k‹ udk,ckv (21) &ufY etz
axmufvSrf;a&;u zrf;qD;cJhonf?
,refae‹nae (7;00) em&Dcef‹ wGifþOD;atmifa&$OD;ESif hþa':qif hqif hatmif
wdk‹tm; ‚if;wkd‹aetdrfodk‹ jyefvnfydk‹ aqmifay;a]umif; &efukefrSowif;axmufwOD;u ajymonf?
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| Category: | Uncategorized. |
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| Upload Date: | 01/20/2009 |
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