2
ppp-lr|bk~e`dvs-h~`
Flb~ A~elmfs+
Ou ~sv ulb~ bv vdl dlko h Lr|bk ^e`dvs Bfqhcbvls pbs b phmfl~|k pde~kpemf h bcveqevu- Vdl ~lwh~v vdbv hkkhps
es b `keowsl h h|~ ph~j ~ho Ibm|b~u >775 vh vdl lmf h h|~ scbk ulb~ em Ob~cd >727- Bs bkpbus+ E emqevl uh| vh
klb~m oh~l bnh|v h|~ ph~j nu qesevem` h|~ pln sevl bv ppp-lr|bk~e`dvs-h~`-
Vh svb~v+ pl s|cclss|kku ~lkhcbvlf h|~ hcl vh b nlb|ve|k bmf ohfl~m swbcl mlb~ vdl Lonb~cbfl~h- Em Ibm|b~u
>727 pl dhsvlf bm Hwlm Dh|sl pevd obmu h h|~ s|wwh~vl~s em bvvlmfbmcl- Ev pbs b `~lbv hwwh~v|mevu vh plkchol
uh| vh h|~ mlp dhol- E bo w~h|f vh klbf b svb h lml~`lvec bmf wbssehmbvl wlhwkl pdh cb~l fllwku bnh|v vdl ph~j
pl fh-
Pl b~l h~v|mbvl vh ~lcleql s|svlmbmcl h~ h|~ ph~j ~ho khm`/veol fhmh~s bs plkk bs mlp hmls- Vdl 3<vd Bmmeql~sb~u
K|mcdlhm pbs b ~lob~jbnkl s|cclss‖pevd oh~l ohmlu ~beslf bv vdl lqlmv vdbm lql~ nlh~l- Bs pl chmvem|l vh bfbwv
vh b cdbkklm`em` lchmhou+ pl sv~eql vh emc~lbsl h|~ fhmh~ nbsl bmf b``~lsseqlku w|~s|l feql~sl |mfem` sh|~cls-
Bv mh veol es uh|~ dlkw em vdes laah~v oh~l lsslmvebk vdbm bs pl ohql L^B ah~pb~f-
Vdl lml~`u es wbkwbnkl bv L^B- Em Ob~cd >727+ b fesv~ecv ch|~v |wdlkf b o|kve/oekkehm fhkkb~ i|~u ql~fecv em bqh~
h h|~ ckelmv+ Oecdlkkl Obdl~+ b`bemsv vdl Cevu h A~lsmh Ae~l Flwb~volmv- Em vdl w~hclss+ L^B n~h|`dv dhol
vdl olssb`l vdbv b phobm cbmmhv nl oesv~lbvlf seowku nlcb|sl h dl~ slt h~ svbv|s bs b ohvdl~- Vdl cbsl bksh
~lemh~clf L^B―s khm`/svbmfem` s|wwh~v h pholm em mhm/v~bfevehmbk w~hlssehms emck|fem` ~l `dvem`- E vdbv es
mhv vdl lwevhol h pdbv pl svbmf h~+ E fhm―v jmhp pdbv es-
Vdl Memvd Ce~c|ev seflf pevd h|~ ckelmvs em F|jls q- Pbk/Ob~v Svh~ls objem` ev vdl kb~`lsv ceqek ~e`dvs ckbss bcvehm
em \-S- desvh~u- Pevdh|v b fh|nv+ vdlsl pholm bmf m|ol~h|s hvdl~s bc~hss vdl ch|mv~u dbql bkk h uh| vh vdbmj h~
vdlsl bmf ch|mvklss hvdl~ ohm|olmvbk bfqbmcls hm nldbk h pholm―s ~e`dvs-
Vdl ohsv se`mecbmv vdem` E dbql klb~mlf em vdl wbsv ulb~ es vdbv L^B es b keqem`+ n~lbvdem` h~`bmeybvehm vdbv es
m|~v|~lf nu flfecbvlf emfeqef|bks kejl uh|- Bs pl nl`em h|~ 30vd ulb~+ L^B es b klbfl~ hm bkk ess|ls lsslmvebk vh
pholm bc~hss vdl ch|mv~u- Lql~updl~l E `h+ E bo ~loemflf h vdl wkbcl L^B dhkfs em vdl pholm―s ohqlolmv-
Pdlvdl~ E bo vbkjem` vh b ckelmv ~ll~~lf vh |s bvl~ s|l~em` qehklmcl bv ph~j h~ vh b ~lwh~vl~ ~ho b @l~obm
mlpswbwl~ h~ Pdevl Dh|sl hcebks bnh|v h|~ eowbcv+ h~ olmvh~em` kbp ckl~js pdh `lml~h|sku fhmbvl vdle~ veol vh
h|~ cb|sl+ E dbql sllm dhp L^B es |meh~oku bmf de`dku ~lswlcvlf nu obmu feql~sl choo|mevels dl~l bmf bn~hbf
nlcb|sl h h|~ s|cclss|k v~bcj ~lch~f h eow~hqem` pholm―s keqls- E bo chmsvbmvku d|onklf nu vdl lmh~oevu h h|~
~lswhmsenekevu vh jllw vdes kl`bcu bkeql-
O|cd ph~j kels bdlbf+ n|v ou hpm khbf sllos ke`dvl~ pdlm E vdemj h bkk h uh| svbmfem` mltv vh ol bs L^B ohqls
h~pb~f- E ~lobem h~lql~ `~bvl|k h~ uh|~ `lml~h|s s|wwh~v+ bmf khhj h~pb~f vh oh~l qecvh~els h~ pholm bmf
`e~ks lql~updl~l-
Semcl~lku+
B~clkeb D|~vbfh
Ltlc|veql Fe~lcvh~
B Olb`l a~o
B~clkeb D|~vbfh+L t l c | v e q l F e ~ l c v h ~
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