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S P
R
In our quest to learn how things move,the experience of hiking and other motionleads us to discover that there is a maximum speed in nature,and that two events that happen at the same time for one observermay not for another.We discover that empty space can bend, wobble and move,we nd that there is a maximum force in nature,and we understand why we can see the stars.
 
D C
S P: R
371C II S R3715. Maxim
um speed, observers at rest, and motion of light
Can
one play tennis using a laser pulse as the ball and mirrors as rackets?376•Special relativity with a few lines379• Acceleration of light and the Doppler ef-fect381• e dierence between light and sound384• Can one shoot faster than one’s shadow?385• e composition of velocities386• Observers and the princi- ple of special relativity 387• What is space-time?391• Can we travel to the past? – Time and causality 393394Curiosities of special relativity Faster than light: how far can we travel?394• Synchronization and time travel –can a mother stay younger than her own daughter?395• Length contraction398 • Relativistic lms – aberration and Doppler eect400• Which is the best seat in abus?403• How fast can one walk?403• Is the speed of shadow greater than the speed of light?404• Parallel to parallel is not parallel – omas rotation407• A never-ending story – temperature and relativity 407408Relativistic mechanicsMass in relativity 408• Why relativistic snooker is more dicult410• Mass is concentrated energy 410• Collisions, virtual objects and tachyons413• Systems of particles – no centre of mass415• Why is most motion so slow?415• e history of the mass–energy equivalence formula of De Pretto and Einstein416• 4- vectors417• 4-momentum420• 4-force421• Rotationinrelativity 422• Wave motion424• eaction of afree particle– how do things move?424• Conformal transformations – why is the speed of light constant?425427Accelerating observersAcceleration for inertial observers428• Accelerating frames of reference429• Eventhorizons433• Accelerationchangescolours434• Canlightmovefasterthan
c
?435• What is the speed of light?436• Limits on the length of solid bodies437 438Special relativity in four sentencesCould the speed of light vary?438• What happens near the speed of light?439 440Bibliography 
448C
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4486. Maximum force – general relativity in one statement
e maximum force and power limits450• e experimental evidence452• De- ducing general relativity 453• Space-time is curved457• Conditions of validity  of the force and power limits459• Gedanken experiments and paradoxes aboutthe force limit459• Gedanken experiments with the power limit and the massow limit464• Hide and seek 467• An intuitive understanding of general relativ- ity 468• An intuitive understanding of cosmology 470• Experimental challenges for the third millennium471• A summary of general relativity 472• Acknowl- edgement474
4757. e new ideas on space, time and gravity 
M o t  i    onM o un t   a i   n–T  h   eA  d v en t   ur   e of   P h    y  s i    c  s  a v a i   l     a  b l     ef   r   e e of    c h   a r    g e a  t  www .m o t  i    onm o un t   a i   n .n e t   C  o  p  y r  i     gh   t  © C h  r  i    s  t   o  ph   S   c h  i   l    l     er  N  ov em b  er  1  9  9 7 –N  ov em b  er  2  0  0 7 
 

Rest andfreefall475• What isgravity?– Asecond answer476• What tides tellus aboutgravity 479• Bentspaceandmattresses481• Curvedspace-time482• e speedoflightandthegravitationalconstant484• Whydoesastonethrownintotheair fall back to Earth? – Geodesics486• Can light fall?488• Curiosities and fun challenges about gravitation489• What is weight?494• Why do apples fall?495
4968. Motion in general relativity – bent light and wobbling vacuum
496Weak eldse irring eects496• Gravitomagnetism498• Gravitational waves501• Bending of light and radio waves508• Time delay 510• Eects on orbits510 • e geodesic eect513• Curiosities and fun challenges about weak elds514 515How is curvature measured?Curvature and space-time518• Curvature and motion in general relativity 520• Universal gravity 521• e Schwarzschild metric521• Curiosities and fun chal- lenges about curvature522522All observers – heavier mathematicse curvature of space-time522• e description of momentum, mass and en-ergy 524• Hilbert’s action – how things fall?525• e symmetries of general relativity 526• Einstein’s eld equations527• More on the force limit530• De- ducing universal gravity 530• Deducing linearized generalrelativity 531• How to calculate the shape of geodesics531• Mass in general relativity 533• Is gravity an interaction?533• eessence ofgeneralrelativity 534• Riemanngymnastics535 • Curiosities and fun challenges about general relativity 537
5379. Why can we see the stars? – Motion in the universe
Which stars do we see?538• What do we see at night?539• What is the uni-  verse?545• e colour and the motion of the stars547• Do stars shine every  night?549• A short history of the universe551• e history of space-time554 • Why is the sky dark at night?559• Is the universe open, closed or marginal?561 • Why is the universe transparent?562• e big bang and its consequences563 • Was the big bang a big bang?563• Was the big bang an event?564• Was the big bang a beginning?564• Does the big bang imply creation?565• Why can we see the Sun?566• Why are the colours of the stars dierent?567• Are there dark  stars?568• Are all stars dierent? – Gravitational lenses568• What is the shape of the universe?570• What is behind the horizon?571• Why are there stars all over the place? – Ination572• Why are there so few stars? – e energy and en-tropy content of the universe572• Why is matter lumped?573• Why are stars so small compared with the universe?574• Are stars and galaxies moving apart or isthe universe expanding?574• Is there more than one universe?574• Why are the stars xed? – Arms, stars and Mach’s principle574• At rest in the universe576• Does light attract light?576• Does light decay?577
57710. Black holes – falling forever
Why study black holes?577• Horizons578• Orbits580• Hair and entropy 583 • Black holes as energy sources585• Curiosities and fun challenges about black holes586• Formation of and search for black holes589• Singularities590• A quiz – is the universe a black hole?591
59211. Does space dier from time?
Can space and time be measured?593• Are space and time necessary?594• Do closed timelike curves exist?595• Is general relativity local? – e hole argu-ment595• Is theEarthhollow?596• Are space, time andmassindependent?597
59812. General relativity in ten points – a summary for the layman
M o t  i    onM o un t   a i   n–T  h   eA  d v en t   ur   e of   P h    y  s i    c  s  a v a i   l     a  b l     ef   r   e e of    c h   a r    g e a  t  www .m o t  i    onm o un t   a i   n .n e t   C  o  p  y r  i     gh   t  © C h  r  i    s  t   o  ph   S   c h  i   l    l     er  N  ov em b  er  1  9  9 7 –N  ov em b  er  2  0  0 7 
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