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T P
L, C  B
In our quest to learn how things move,the experience of hiking and other motionleads us to discover that images are produced by charges,that charges move, accumulate and interact,and that there is a smallest charge in nature.We understand what love has to do with magnets and amber,why the brain is such an interesting device,and what distinguishes a good from a bad lie.
 
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T P : L, C  B
633C IV C E63313. Liq
uid electricity, invisible elds and maximum speed
633Amber,
lodestone and mobile phonesHow can one make lightning?635• Electric charge and electric elds639• Can we detect the inertia of electricity?644• Feeling electric elds646• Magnets648 Can humans feel magnetic elds?648How can one make a motor?649• Mag- netic elds651Electromagnetic elds and Lagrangians655How motors prove relativity to be right656ree basic facts about electricity 657• Curiosities and fun challenges about things electric and magnetic657667e description of electromagnetic eld evolutionCollidingchargedparticles669• egaugeeldtheelectromagneticvectorpoten-tial670Energyandlinearandangularmomentumoftheelectromagneticeld674 e Lagrangianof electromagnetism674Symmetriestheenergy–momentumtensor676• What is a mirror?676• What is the dierence between electric and magneticelds?678• Couldelectrodynamicsbedierent?679etoughestchal- lenge for electrodynamics680• Challenges and fun curiosities about electrodyna-mics680
68114. What is light?
Polarization and electromagnetism686• e slowness of progress in physics693 Another look at electromagnetic radiation694• How does the world look whenriding on a light beam?695Does light always travel in a straight line?696e concentration of light700• Can one touch light?702• War, light and lies705 • What is colour?705• Fun with rainbows708• What is the speed of light? – Again709200yearstoolate–negativerefractionindices712• Metamaterials713 • Signals and predictions714Does the aether exist?715• Challenges and fun curiosities about light716716Images and the eyeHow to prove you’re holy 716• Do we see what exists?717• How does one make pictures of the inside of the eye?720• How does one make holograms and otherthree-dimensional images?721• Optical imaging722• Why can we see each other?724• Light as weapon?726• Challenges and fun curiosities about the eye and images727
72815. Charges are discrete – the limits of classicalelectrodynamics
How fast do charges move?729• Challenges and curiosities about charge discrete-ness729
73116. Electromagnetic eects
Is lightning a discharge? – Electricity in the atmosphere731• Does ball lightningexist?733• Does gravity make charges radiate?734• Research questions735 Levitation737• Matter, levitation and electromagnetic eects739• Challenges and fun curiosities about electromagnetic eects747749A summary of classical electrodynamics and of its limits
75017. Classicalphysics in a nutshell – one and a half steps out of three
M o t  i    onM o un t   a i   nT  h   e d v en t   ur   e of   h    y  s i    c  s  a v a i   l     a  b l     ef   r   e e of    c h   a r    g e a  t  www .m o t  i    onm o un t   a i   n .n e t   C  o  p  y r  i     gh   t  © C h  r  i    s  t   o  ph   S   c h  i   l    l     er   ov em b  er   9  9  ov em b  er   0  0 
 
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efutureofplanetEarth752eessenceofclassicalphysicstheinnitelysmalland the lack of surprises754• Why have we not yet reached the top of the moun-tain?754756Bibliography 
769C
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77018. Evolution and the brain
770Children, laws and physicsPolymer electronics773• Why a brain?773• What is information?775• What is memory?776e capacity of the brain778
78019. ought and language
780What is language?What is a concept?784• What are sets? What are relations?786• Innity 788 • Functions and structures790• Numbers791• Why use mathematics?795 Is mathematics a language?796• Curiosities and fun challenges about mathemat-ics797
79920. Concepts, lies and patterns of nature
Arephysicalconceptsdiscoveredorcreated?800• Howdowendphysicalpatternsand rules?801• What is a lie?803• Is this statement true?807• Curiosities and fun challenges about lies808810ObservationsHave enough observations been recorded?811• Are all physical observablesknown?812• Do observations take time?814• Is induction a problem in physics?814816e quest for precision and its implicationsWhat are interactions? – No emergence816• What is existence?817• Do things exist?818• Does the void exist?819• Is nature innite?821• Is the uni-  verse a set?822Does the universe exist?823• What is creation?824• Is na- ture designed?826• What is a description?827• Reason, purpose and explana- tion828Unication and demarcation829Pigs, apes and the anthropic princi- ple830• Does one need cause and eect in explanations?831• Is consciousness required?832• Curiosity 833• Courage835 837Bibliography 
843E
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843Numbers as mathematical structuresComplexnumbers845• Quaternions846• Octonions851Othertypesofnum- bers853• Grassmann numbers854 854Vector spaces856AlgebrasLie algebras859Classication of Lie algebras860• Lie superalgebras861e Virasoro algebra862• Kac–Moody algebras862 862Topology – what shapes exist?Topological spaces863• Manifolds864Holes, homotopy and homology 866 867Types and classication of groupsLie groups868• Connectedness869• Compactness869 874Mathematical curiosities and fun challenges876Bibliography 
877E
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