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Heat
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1
HEAT-ITS
ROLE
IN
WILDLAND
FIRE-Part
1
THENATURE
OF
HEAT
Clive
M.
Countryman
1975
FORE
or
SERVICE
Il..DI':PARTMENT
Of"
A<.rRICUI.T
R.E
1',0.
BOX
245,
BERKELEY,
CAl.IPOR"'l,\94701
PACIFICSOUTHWESTForest
and
RangeExperimentStation
This file was created by scanning the printed publication.Errors identified by the software have been corrected;however, some errors may remain.
-
r-------------
TheAuthorCLIVE
M.
COUNTRYMANheadsfirebehaviorstudies
at
thePacificSouthwestForestandRangeExperimentStation,withheadquartersattheForestFireLaboratory,Riverside,Calif.
He
earnedabachelor'sdegreeinforestry
at
theUniversity
of
Washingtonin1940,andjoinedtheForestServicethefollowingyear.NOTEThispublication
is
part
of
agroupdesigned
to
acquaintfirecontrolpersonnel,wildlandmanagers,andforestrystudentswithimportantconcepts
of
ruebehaviorandtheapplication
of
theseconceptstowildlandfireproblems.Thelevel
of
difficulty
of
thetreatment
of
topicsinthesepublicationsvaries,assignaled
by
thecolor
of
thecover:thebluecovergroup
is
generallyelementaryandtheyellowcovergroup
is
intermediate.Thefollowingpublications,
by
CliveCountryman,areavailableonrequestto:DirectorPacificSouthwestForestandRangeExperimentStationP.O.Box245Berkeley,California94701Attention:PublicationDistributionThisHumidityBusiness:WhatIt
IsAll
AboutandItsUseinFireControl.1971(blue)FireWhirls
...
Why,When,andWhere.1971
( b l u ~ )
CarbonMonoxide:AFirefightingHazard.1971(yellow)TheFireEnvironmentConcept.1972(blue)
Heat-Its
RoleinWildlandFire(blue)Part
I-The
Nature
of
Heat.1975
THENATURE
OF
HEAT
Threeingredientsareessentialforawildlandfiretostartand
to
burn.First,there
must
beburnablefuelavailable.
Then
enoughheatmustbeapplied
to
thefueltoraiseitstemperaturetotheignitionpoint.Andfinally,there
must
beenoughairtosupplyoxygenneededtokeepthecombustionprocessgoingandthusmaintaintheheatsupplyforignition
of
unburnedfuel.Thesethreeindispensableingredients-fuel,heat,and
oxygen-make
upthefiretriangle.All
must
bepresent
if
there
is
tobefire.Inthefollowingdiscussion,wewillexaminesome
of
thebasiccharacteristics
of
theheatsegment
of
the
fire
triangle-the
nature
of
heatitself.
Thescienceofheat
is
relativelynew
Everyoneknows
how
heatfeels,and
is
wellaware
of
itsmanyapplicationsindailylife.Heatfromthesun
is
thebasic
control
of
our
weather,andthisheatisalsoessentialinthegrowing
of
foodcropsand
other
vegetation.Withoutthesun'sheat,lifecould
not
exist
onthe
earth.Throughthescience
of
thermodynamics,heathasaplaceinmany
of
theindustrialprocessesthatbring
us
theconveniences
of
modernlife.
But
as
recently
as
200yearsago,thetruenature
of
heatwas
not
understood.Intheearlydays
of
sciencethephenomenaassociated
with
heatwereascribedtoamysticalandintangiblefluidcalled"caloric."Thisfluidwasbelievedtohavethepower
of
penetratingandexpandingmaterials,sometimesmelting
or
dissolvingthem,andconvertingsomesubstances
to
vapor.Heatproduced
by
friction
or
thecompression
of
gaseswasattributedtostoredcaloric
that
wassqueezed
or
ground
out
of
thematerial.
The
caloricfluidwasconsideredintangible,sinceeven
the
most
carefulexperimentsinadding
or
subtractingheat
by
nondestructiveheating
or
cooling
of
asubstancefailedtoproduceanychangesinitsweight.
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