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RECENTTITLESFROMTHEHELENKELLOGGINSTITUTEFORINTERNATIONALSTUDIES
ScottMainwaring,
generaleditor
TheUniversityofNotreDamePressgratefullythankstheHellenKelloggInstituteforInternationalStudiesforitssupportinthepublicationoftitlesinthisseries.JuanE.Mendez,GuillermoO'Donnell,andPauloSergioPinheiro,eds.
The(Un)RuleofLawandtheUnderprivilegedinLatinAmerica(1999)
GuillermoO'Donnell
Counterpoints:SelectedEssaysonAuthoritarianismandDemocratization(1999)
HowardHandelmanandMarkTessler,eds.
Democracyand
Its
Limits:LessonsfromAsia,LatinAmerica,andtheMiddleEast(1999)
LarissaAdlerLomnitzandAnaMelnick
Chile's
PoliticalCultureandParties:AnAnthropologicalExplanation(2000)
KevinHealy
Llamas,Weavings,andOrganicChocolate:MulticulturalGrassrootsDevelopmentintheAndesandAmazonofBolivia(2000)
Ernest].Barten,
c.s.c.,
andAlejandroO'Donnell
The
Child
inLatinAmerica:Health,Development,andRights(2000)
Vikram
K
Chand
Mexico'sPoliticalAwakening(2001)
SylviaBorzutzky
VitalConnections(2002)
Ruth
Berins
CollierandDavidCollier
ShapingthePoliticalArena(2002)
GlenBiglaiser
GuardiansoftheNation?(2002)
AlbertoSpektorowski
TheOriginsofArgentina
5
RevolutionoftheRight(2003)
Caroline
C.
Beer
ElectoralCompetitionandInstitutionalChange
in
Mexico(2003)
YemileMizrahi
fromMartyrdom
to
Power(2003)
ForacompletelistoftitlesfromtheHelenKelloggInstituteforInternationalStudies,seehttp://www.undpress.nd.edu
r
FU]IMORI'SCOUP
andtheBreakdownofDemocracyinLatinAmerica
CHARLESD.KENNEY
UNIVERSITYOFNOTREDAMEPRESSNotreDame,Indiana
 
Copyright©2004byUniversityofNotreDameNotreDame,Indiana46556www.undpress.nd.eduAllRightsReservedManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
:[i
.":i:
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PubHcationData
Kenney,Charles(CharlesDennison)Fujimori'scoupandthebreakdownofdemocracyinLatinAmerica/CharlesD.Kenney.
p.
cm."FromtheHelenKeUoggInstituteforInternationalStudies:'Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-268-03171-1(cloth:alk.paper)ISBN0-268-03172-X(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.
Peru-Politicsandgovernment-1980-2.Fujimori.Alberto.3.Democracy-Peru.4.Democracy-LatinAmerica.
1.
HelenKelloggInstituteforInternationalStudies.II.Title.JL3481.K382003985.06'43-dc222003017886
<>0
Thisbook
is
printedonadd-freepaper.
For
my
parents,MargaretandPaul,withgratitude
 
218--
FUJIM0RI'SCOUP
immediatereelectionofthepresident,becauseofbothhisplummetingpopu-larityandtheambitionsofintrapartyrivals.AlthoughGarciacontrolledtheotherbranchesofgovernmenttoasignificantdegreeandwasmorecon-strainedby"thehardfactsofexistingpowerarrangements"thanbyinstitu-tionalchecksandbalances,itisalsotruethathefailedtoescapesuchchecksandbalances
ennrely"
HowdoesFujimori's1990-92presidencycomparewithhispredeces-sors'?LikeGarcia,FujimorisleadershipstylefitsO'Donnell'simageofadele-gativepresident,earninghimtheappellation"emperor"longbeforethepresi-dentialcoup.MorethanGarcia's,Fujimori'spoliciesborelittle"resemblancetothepromisesofhiscampaign,"andheprovedveryadeptatpresentinghimself"asabovebothpoliticalpartiesandorganizedinterests"(O'Donnell1994,
P:
60).Fujimorialsosurroundedhimselfwith
ttcnicos
(technicalad-visers),andmoresounderFujimorithananyrecentdemocraticgovern-ment,"thepresidentandhismosttrustedadvisors[were]thealphaandomegaofpolitics"
(p.
60}Finally,the
decretismo
(rulebypresidentialde-crees)characteristicofdelegativedemocracy(pp.66-67)reachedanex-tremeduringFujimori'sfirstsixteenmonths.Asexplainedinchapter
4,
58percentofallthelegislationpromulgatedduringBelaundespresidencywasissueddirectlyfromtheexecutive.Thisfiguregrewto66percentunderGarcia,andto92percentunderFujimori.ThelackofastrongpartyleftFujimorifreertopursuethepoliciesandemploythepersonnelhewishedthanhadbeenthecasewithBelaundeandGarcia(McClintock1994b,P:307).ButFujimori'slackofpartysupportinCongressalsolefthimpotentiallymuchmorevulnerabletothisinstitutionthanhadbeenthecaseduringthe1980s.IncontrasttoGarcia(andtoalesserextentBelaunde),Fujimoriinitiallycontrolledneitherthelegislature,northejudiciary,northeotherstateinstitutionssuchastheTGCandtheattorneygeneral'soffice.Fujimori'sinitiativesfaredwellwhentheycoincidedwiththepreferencesofalegislativemajoritybutwereoftenblockedwhentheydidnot(seechap.5).Fujimoriwasabletogovernwithoutalegislativemajorityduringhisfirstyearfortworeasons.First,hekeptthepartiesinCongressfromblock-inghimbyadoptingeconomicpoliciesheknewwouldreceivethesupportofright-WinglegislatorsandbyofferingprotectionfromimpeachmentforAPRAsGarcia.Second,thepresident'SdelegatedandconstitutionaldecreeauthorityoftenallowedhimtobypassCongress.Congresswasfrequentlydividedandwaswillingonseveraloccasionstodelegatelegislativedecreeauthority(Article188)toFujimorLFujimorialsomadeintensiveuseofhis
INTERPRETATIONS0FTHE
AUT
0G0
L
P
E--
219constitutionaldecreeauthority{Article211.20}Congresswasnotsodi-videdduringFujimori'sfirstyearinoffice,however,thatitcouldnotunitetoblockFujimorionanumberofissues-evengatheringtwo-thirdsma-joritiestoself-convokeinearly1991.14FujimorispowerswithrespecttoCongressandtheotherbranchesofgovernmentweresharplyreducedafterNovember1991(seechap.
6)
Leg-islativemajoritiesrepealedmanyofthemoreimportantpacificationandeconomiclegislativedecrees,placedunprecedentedlegislativecontrolsonFujimorisconstitutionaldecreepowers,andgavenoticethattheymightbewillingtodeposeFujimoribydeclaringthepresidencyvacantduetomoral
incapacity"
AstheTribunalofConstitutionalGuaranteesbegantorepealsomeofthelegislativedecreesnotblockedbyCongressandthejudiciaryreleasedconvictedterroristsonparoleandfailedtofindsufficientevidencetotryAlanGarciaand
Abimael
Guzman,Fujimori'slackofcontrolovertheseinstitutionsbecamemoreapparent.From1990to1992,then,Peruexperi-encedapresidentwitha
delegative
democracystyle
of
leadershipinaregimethatdidnotmeetthe
requirements
for
delegative
democracyFujimori'slead-ershipstylecorrespondedcloselytothatdescribedbyO'Donnell,butPeru'sregimeduringthisperioddeveloped
too
muchinthewayofhorizontalac-countabilityandchecksandbalancestobeconsidereda
delegative
democ-racy,especiallyafterNovember1991.
16
PolyarchyorPartyarchy?Afterannouncingthesuspensionoftheconstitutionon5April1992,Fu-jimori(1992a,pp.134-35)claimedthatthe"temporaryandpartialsus-pensionoftheexistinglegalorderisnotthenegationofrealdemocracy,butonthecontrary,thestartingpointofthesearchforanauthentictrans-formationthatassuresaneffectiveandlegitimatedemocracy."This,hesaid,was"notacoupd'etat"butmerelya"changeindirection?"Theregimehedisplacedwasnotademocracybutabribe-ocracyhearguedinaspeechbeforetheExporters'Association(ADEX)justdaysafterthecoup.Fewcom-monlyaccepteddefinitionsofdemocracyrequireittobefreeofcorrup-tion,however,andtheseargumentswerewidelyrecognizedasSimplisticposthocjustifications.AmoresubstantialargumentwaspresentedbyFujimoriinaspeechbeforetheOrganizationofAmericanStatesmeetingofforeignministersintheBahamason18May1992.Bythattime,sixweeksafterthe
autogolpe,
theeffectsofinternationaldisapprovalofthepresidentialcoupwerebeing
of 00

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