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Applied Ergonomics
1982, 13.3,163-170
Ergonomics investigations of work-places in a police command-control
centre equipped with TV displays
E. Haider, H. kuczak and W. Rohmert
Institut fur Arbeitswissenschaft, (Dir: Prof Dr-Ing Walter Rohmert) Petersenstr 30, Technical University
Darmstadt, German Federal RepublicErgonomics experiments were performed in a police command-control centre using computercontrolled text processing systems with three alternative input devices: function keys,
a
light pen and a touch panel. A group of 14 operators was examined while using the alternativedevices. Significant differences v~ere found between the devices in terms of the following:sensory and motor activities, local muscular strain, transgressions of tolerance limits
for
4-hour work sessions, and increases in heart rate. Suggestions for redesigning the controlcentre are given using anthropometric analysis. The paper also shows the relation betweenthe sub-optimal design of a work system and the resulting strain.
Keywords: Workplace layout, physiological effect, computerperipheral equipment.
Introduction
Text processing systems clearly show that newtechnologies determine work content and processes. Currentand future forms of communications and organisation arestructured by the hardware capabilities and constraints oftechnology. Various mental and psychological, and energyand motor demands, are imposed on the human operator.As a result of these demands, a thorough analysis of the newtechnologies is required with respect to their application inwork systems. The investigations presented here resultedfrom a practical problem. The introduction of the prototypeof a computer-controlled TV-displayed system ofinformation and documentation in a police command-control centre required the selection and positioning ofappropriate interface devices. Comparative investigationswere performed on the layout of three alternative devices -function keys, a light pen and a touch panel - forcommunication with a TV monitor. With the given layoutof the workplace we decided to analyse stressors and tomeasure strain effects on the human operator.
Description of the work system
The task of a police command-control centre can brieflybe described as follows:coordination of police vehicles by radiotelephony,answering emergency calls,alerting ambulance and fire departments,providing legal advice to patrols.The work procedure which has been employed in the pastmay be described by the following:Incoming telephone calls from members of the public arereceived at a desk. A handwritten record is mechanicallytransmitted to the dispatcher, who supervises the patrolvehicles by means of radio communications. Feed-backreports from the patrol vehicles, regarding actions whichhave been taken, enter the records.In the newly designed work system which was implementedfor this investigation, the incoming incident reports arereceived at a complaint operator's console. Using a displayedformat, the operator enters the information into a computer.The formatted information after being inputted into thecomputer can be recalled on a monitor by the dispatcherand is at his disposal for generating a report. Computercontrolled graphics are available on a third monitor (eg, townmaps and views of building on a plasma display) and furtherservices and data processing systems can be utilised.The investigations reported here were restricted to the tasksof dispatching and reporting. Potentially, it was possible touse three alternative devices to input information into thedisplays and into the computer system. These were (see Fig. 1):numeric keys (Fig. 1a, top rows) associated with the rightand middle monitor for manipulating (see Fig. 2)numerically coded information in addition to the use ofan alphanumeric keyboard and function keys,a light pen (Fig. lb) for selecting information by touchingthe monitor on the right (see Fig. 2) and inserting
0003-6870/82/03 0163-08 $03.00 (D 1982 Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd
Applied rgonomics
September 1982
163
 
(a)
!!
Fig. 1
The devices which were evaluated:(a) function keys
(b) a
light pen(c) a ouch panel(b)
R
(c)
information by touching defined areas in the displayedformat (middle monitor),a touch panel (Fig. 1c) in front of the right monitor (Fig. 2)for selecting information, activating a sector in a 16 x 16infra-red LED-matrix by touching the display.The work sequences consisted of:selecting a mission on the right display out of a list ofrunning missions; for this task all three different devicescan be used alternatively. The appropriate format appearsautomatically on the middle display,
164 Applied Ergonomics
September 1982
 
Fig. 2The work-place which wasinvestigated:Monitor on the left side:graphic display withprojected sector of a map.Monitor in the middle: formatdisplayMonitor on the right side: listof running missions
recording the mission in a dispatch format on the middledisplay; for this task the light pen and the alpha.numerickey board can be used alternatively,completing a mission report with non-standardised remarksin a format on the middle display by use of the alpha-numeric key board.By means of the alternatively implemented devices furtherservices (ambulance, fire department, surgeon) can be calledout. These activities are registered automatically in thedisplayed format, indicating the actual time. Parallelinformation is given to the operator on a graphic display,presenting the appropriate sector of the town map, whilehe is working on a format for directing the activities of thepatrol vehicles. Type of mission and place of action aremarked on the map by the plasma display. The arrangementof the displays is shown in Fig. 2.
Planning of the investigation
The investigation took place in a police command-controlcentre. The investigated workplaces were not integratedin the real control process of the centre. In accordance withthe experimental plan, hypothetical running missions weredisplayed at the operator's desk while an experienced officertook the place of police officers working in the field in squadvehicles. Loss of realism resulting from these conditions ofsimulation may have lessened the degree of stress produced.To match the experimental situation with that of the realworld, certain types of incidents were selected from existingstatistics (Heller
etal,
1974). Forty representative incidentswere transmitted to the dispatch formats and stored in thecomputer until required by the operator. The specificationsand verbalisation of the missions were performed by theexperienced officer who took the place of officers in thesquad cars. The experimental sessions for different deviceswere interrupted by 15 min breaks.The 14 subjects were policemen who volunteered toparticipate in the experiments. They had a mean age of38-8 (standard deviation 5-1) and a mean experience-in-dutyof 6.9 years (standard deviation 5.9). To reduce individualdifferences in performance, the subjects participated in afour-day training programme, in which they used thedevices compared later.
Methods of measurement
Work
activities
Activities were recorded through time by electric impulsesgenerated according to every functional action of the keyboard, light pen and touch panel.
Eye movements
Horizontal and vertical electro-oculograms (EOG),(Shackel, 1967), were recorded in order to get informationabout frequencies of changes of glances on the devices.Muscle activityIn addition to the informational and mental stressors,which have an effect on the momentary heart-rate (Luczakand Laurig, 1973), stresses on the sensori.motor and motorsystem may occur. These may selectively effect specialgroups of muscles.Stress reactions were expected primarily m areas ofmuscular work-load (the holding of fingers over the alpha-numeric keys, holding the light pen far away from the body,posture of the trunk). Therefore, electromyograms (EMG)of the m deltoideus and the m erector trunci were takenin order to assess local muscular strain. Surface electrodeswere applied only once on every person in the experimentto make sure that the electrical activities in the varioussessions could be compared numerically. The electrodes werefixed parallel to the direction of the muscle fibres, at adistance of 4 cm apart.Heart activityElectrocardiograms (ECG) were derived from the chest inthe standard position V 4.
Processing of electrophysiological data
All electrophysiological data were transmitted from thesubjects by a 5-channel radio telemetric system, and wererecorded on a tape recorder.Analogue-digital conversions were carried out in thelaboratory by computer. The data were further processedby rectifying, filtering and integrating the time-related EMG
Applied Ergonomics
September 1982
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