Contribution of Nikola Tesla to Further Development
of Military Technology, Strategy, and Defence
Capability of the Serbian

brought about the development of new technologies influencing directly the doctrine and strategy of war. Some of Tesla's discoveries were explained in the sense of their influence upon the development of military technology and strategy. Tesla himself was, by his nature, a pacifist, and often used to declare: "... I won't neither kill nor injury any living being nor destroy any splendid object, but strive, instead, to save anything precious and alive, and cherish natural beauties on earth." The influence of Tesla upon strengthening of defense capabilities of Serbs was considered from the point of view of several facts, particularly patriotism and the increasing of international reputation of Serbia. This attitude was best supported by his own words: "If my hopes come true, the dearest thought to me will be the fact that it has been the deed of a Serb! Long live the Serbs!" Thus, knowledge was, and will always be the most efficient weapon of the Serbs.

As to be able to understand Tesla\u2019s opinion on war and his contribution to the development of military technology & strategy and to defensive power of Serbian people, we can start from his following declaration:

\u201cLike John RASKIN, I also declare never to kill nor injure any living being without need, not to destroy any beautiful thing, but to strive to preserve all living and precious things and to care for natural beauty of the Earth\u201d

On the basis of this declaration and of all his work, we can conclude that in his work Tesla has followed following principles: first of all - not to invent killing weapons, secondly - to protect people and nature and thirdly \u2013 to invent means that will serve the peace in fields of peace time activities.

His contribution to this field can be vied in two parts: first part is in domain of inventions influencing technology development and second part is in development of war doctrines and strategy.

In military technology the most important Tesla\u2019s inventions are: radio, radar and distant transmission of signs and power, intended for peaceful activities.

Under patronage of the \u201cNational Association for electric illumination\u201d, Nikola Tesla in 1893 gave and demonstration about high voltage phenomenon functioning with high frequency. The demonstration was given on scene with two equipments groups, one for emitting and another for receiving. \u201cThe radio has thus been born. It was in fact presentation of wireless message emitted through 5W emitter, received at 10 meters distance by Geiger tube\u201d. There the basic principles of modern radio were demonstrated: the antenna or air wire, grounding, air-earth circuit containing the induction and adjusting capacity sets for emitting an receiving being adjusted one to another as well as electronic tube detectors. A. Popov (Russia) and G. Marconi (G. Britain) contributed to further development of radio and radio connections by presentation of signals emitting and receiving. It\u2019s only after discovery of crystal detector that the far distances span could be reached.

The essence of this equipment is functioning of radio emitter and of radio receiver. The radio emitter produces, increases and modulates high frequency electric oscillations and emits them in form of electro-magnetic waves through an antenna in the space. Radio receiver is made of sets that detects, increase and chose information containing signals, being in antenna induced through electro-magnetic waves modulation. Through the receiver, the magnetic energy of waves is first transformed into electric energy and is then transmitted to corresponding reproduction devices (earphones, loudspeakers, tele-printers etc.).

Radio brought revolution in fields of radio traffic, of radio diffusion, television diffusion, in equipment development for radar, electronic navigation, in tapping, meteorology, radio astronomy and other fields of military and civilian activities.

Tesla had to interrupt further work in the field of radio, since his vital interest was then centered to participation at the Chicago Columbus exhibition, organized to commemorate four hundred years anniversary of discovery of America, being also the first electric fair in history. It also had great political importance. President Grover Cleveland was elected for the second time, while the nation was overwhelmed by unemployment, bankruptcy of many companies and bread cues of hungry ones. It was needed to draw people\u2019s attention from worrying about gloomy future. Chicago, up then a gray city needed to be illuminated by the alternating current, being so far contested and the golden switch was to be turned on by the President himself, which indeed took place on the 1stof May. It was then that \u201cWestinghouse\u201d for which Tesla has worked won over the \u201cGeneral Electrics\u201d, for which Edison worked. The bright future of the alternated current has just begun, through it application in all economic fields, from medicine to military production. Taken by fame, feeling triumphant, Tesla returned to Chicago, while new financial improvements enabled him to continue his research in various economic fields.

An electronic device for finding the targeted objects on the ground, in sea or air, whose massive production began in the after war France, was produced on basis of Tesla explanation of radar principles that he had introduced yet in 1917.

When America joined the war in April 1917, German submarines have sunk almost millions of tons of alien ships per a month and discovering the submarines was of the most priority. At that time, finding ways to discover planned air attacks was not taken seriously, although German \u201ccapelin\u201d air planes and far distance air crafts started flying above central France and England. When the first bombs hit Paris and London, it was mere an attraction rather than introduction to serious destruction.

It is clear now why in such circumstances Tesla has transferred his attention from his current radar invention to the detection of ships and submarines but not so of enemy air crafts. Through his visionary work, he could back in June 1900 give general concept of the radar functioning in his publication in the science review \u201cCentury\u201d. Describing practical importance of the stationed waves, he then stressed out possibility of its much broader application in wireless telegraphy. He gave the application for detection of position and course of movable object at any part of globe, as in the case of a ship on the sea, its speed, distance and navigating course. \u201cElectrical Experimenter\u201d from August 1917 gave a prototype of modern military radar. A ray of small wave length and of high frequency is sent so when it hits the submarines, it will return back from submarine illuminating the screen by fluorescent rays (similar to Roentgen waves), solving thus the problem of submarine detection. The described procedure could be applied in case of atmospheric radar, while in case of submarine radar it was not workable due to big water tampon effect. However, Tesla\u2019s low frequency waves could pass through the sea and enable the communication utilization. Edison, who was inveterate

opponent of Tesla was positioned at the head of marine researches and surely has denied all Tesla\u2019s ideas as \u201cdreams\u201d.

Works on radar invention have been pursued without results due to concept differences in ideas and to attempts to ignore Tesla\u2019s work. In year 1934, French scientists lead by PhD Emil Girard made and mounted at earth and ships stations the radars, using apparatus described by Tesla. Gerard declared publicly that Tesla did not dream but had reason, and that the biggest problem of his was how to ensure money for preparation of equipment that would produce high power impulses.

Military development of radar in America was slowed down due to vanity that prevailed in relations between scientists and Army management. After all the efforts, the first radar appeared in American Navy in the year 1937 at an old destroyer of Atlanta Fleet.

England had fought a battle for approval of radar utilization, winning it timely which had a direct influence in saving England from total destruction by German bombardments. In battle for Britain, radar became basic means of defense. It was made as a strong enough equipment for production of impulses, the magnetron which became foundation for next generations of modern radars since the forties.

Wireless, distant transmission of signs and power by a physical transmitter became limiting factor for electric power application and Tesla began thinking how to solve such a problem. That problem he considered as the key problem to be solved one day and believed that such discovery had to be a natural consequence of the latest researches in the field of electricity. His solution was the transmission through earth and air using more sources and a starting resonance. He was convinced that this solution would solve distance problem as a limiting factor in transmission and thus that communication with Mars was in near future.

\u201cElectric Review\u201d published in year 1891 short news that N. Tesla had invented an apparatus for energy transmission to any point at our planet. The transmission principle is based on production of high electric voltage being transmitted to thin atmosphere through which the impulse freely travels up to the point of location of the equipment with the identical potential to pass the signal on earth where it is transformed and used. Of special importance is to understand that with the sparse atmosphere and with increased voltage, the conductivity increases.

For patent registrations Tesla paid particular attention to security measures, to protection of people and of environment. Thus, the discovering that the nitrogen combines with oxygen and other elements when electricity voltage reaches millions, worried him if that \u201ccould light the atmosphere\u201d.

It is important to know that beside the three stated inventions, his numerous inventions were directly or indirectly laying foundations for new means of military technique and equipment. For example, in spring 1898 at electro-technical exhibition in New York he demonstrates possibility of remote ship navigation using electro-magnetic waves. He suggested to the government to place control equipment at important locations along the coast from where

We can see that the biggest number of inventions was connected to the navy, since America could have been mostly endangered from the coast for the protection of which the highest financial resources had to be ensured.

All stated inventions had nothing previewed for killing of people. However, after noticing that his radar inventions were being ignored and knowing that Edison had invested all means for submarine invention, he directed his work to inventions of devices for destruction of enemy ship. \u201cTimes\u201d published an article that Tesla had invented new means, that \u201clike Toro thunder\u201d can destroy whole fleet of enemy ships. That device was described as a craft flying through air with speed of 300 miles per a second, a air craft without crew, without any engine or wings, being powered by electricity and capable of throwing explosive at any part of the planet.

III. CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
NEW STRATEGIES AND DOCTRINES AND
DEFENCE CAPABILITY OF THE SERBIANS

The invention and application of radar as armament had a strategic implication for the countries fighting in the Second World War. Radar used to have a direct influence upon defense strategy and doctrine, as well as an indirect influence upon attack strategy and doctrine. Air attacks, which were the basis of the tempo of the Germans attacks, became much less effective, rendering greater losses, influencing directly the tempo of advancing in conquering other countries. Defense became more tough and with much better results in shooting down enemies\u2019 airplanes, which, apart other things, had an impact upon the morale of the whole nation, particularly upon the members of air forces and navy. The effects of Tesla\u2032s invention of radar would have

been much greater and quicker if not for the big, unfair opponents, who were unable to overcome their own vanity and accept objectively better fundamental solutions for

Wireless transmission of signs and force used to have enormous application in all human activities requiring the transmission of power or information from one place to another. Concerning army, that was in almost any forms of combat activities. Space (distance) as a fact, ceased to be an obstacle, while in the field of information it provided remote management and command and an insight in the conditions at a battle field.

So, we can conclude that the contribution of Nikola Tesla to the development of military technology was enormous. It was based on his positive general attitude not to

kill any living being on earth without cause, nor to disturb nature. His military patents were basically related to the equipment designed for protection and commanding. He even used to lose a great amount of his creative energy by trying to prove himself as the author of some inventions in court.

Considering energy, Tesla used to give priority to electricity. All of his inventions were mainly based upon this energy. Thus, he gave himself two aims, the first one being to found out methods for producing this energy from inexhaustible sources, while the second one was to transmit this energy to the distance. He found the solution in turning the mechanical power of running water into electricity (waterfalls offering best conditions), while transmission was solved by turning electricity to high voltage. The great advantage of this method of producing and transmitting of energy Tesla saw in safety and prosperity. International conflicts stimulated Tesla to invent equipment and armament for fighting on the basis of electric power.

Tesla foresaw an extensive application of electricity to any branch of industry and agriculture. \u201cIt is by electric means that the protection of forests against fire will be provided, extermination of microbes, insects and rodents\u201d. Tesla expected a huge application of electricity to security, especially of ships at the seas. Tesla expected very close invention of radio-central station for informing ships on the location and other relevant data.

War was regarded by Tesla as a demonstration of energy, meaning an acceleration and deceleration of mass under the effect of force. In this setting, time appeared as an important category determined by the duration of an armed conflict proportional to power and number. Besides, supply was more and more difficult to perform, so making the end of war more possible. Daily expenses and losses \u2013 out of action are factors that demand the end of war. Coming to a dead race, however, is also possible, which can, unfortunately, prolong a war. Tesla thought that war success did not depend only upon generals, but also upon physicists, engineers, chemists, inventors, craftsmen, as well as upon volunteers willing to sacrifice themselves for the realization of the set aims. Tesla used to work on prognosis sporadically, although he regarded it ungrateful. Thus, Tesla saw three possible outcomes of the First World War: first, the breakdown of Austria; second, the invasion of England by the Germans; and, third, the defeat of Germany.

Many Americans were misinformed due to political enemies who spreaded news that the peoples of Yugoslavia hated each other. Tesla thought that king Alexander had made a political unity by making a powerful state. He carefully informed himself about the situation in his beloved Yugoslavia and the assassination of King Alexander in 1934 by the Croatian separatists related to the fascist regime, to stir conflicts among the peoples of Yugoslavia.

Tesla regarded energy as a cause of making wars, but, at the same time, as a possibility for exceeding wars. There are three major sources of energy for keeping life \u2013 fuel, power of water and sun. Following a detailed analysis, Tesla concluded that the power of water is our major resource. Advancing the wireless system for the transmission of energy to any distance would make people solve any material and existential problems. \u201cThe distance, as a major obstacle to human progress, will completely come out of thoughts, speeches and actions. Humanity will unite, wars will become impossible, and piece will rule the world\u201d. Regarding the mentioned facts, we can conclude that Tesla used to think about wars one-