presently at a crossroads due to its effects on global climate change, originally invented by Milutin Milankovi\u0107, both famous Serbian scientists. This paper describes the historic development of electricity generation technologies from Tesla's era and current threats to global warming by emissions of greenhouse gases from electricity generation by burning fossil fuels, as related to climate change phenomena explained by Milutin Milankovi\u0107

The name of Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) marks an epoch in the advance of electrical science. He was the genius who ushered in the age of electrical power. Electricity today is generated, transmitted and converted to mechanical power by means of his inventions. Nikola Tesla discovered the rotating magnetic field, a fundamental principle in physics and the basis of nearly all devices that use alternating current. He brilliantly adapted the principle of rotating magnetic field for the construction of alternating current induction motor and the poly-phase system for the generation, transmission, distribution and use of electrical power.

Nikola Tesla was a pioneer in many fields. He held over 700 patents. Tesla\u2019s countless experiments included work on a carbon button lamp, on the power of electrical resonance, and on various types of lightning. Tesla invented the special vacuum tube which emitted light to be used in photography. Among his discoveries are also wireless communications, wireless transmission of electrical energy, remote control, robotics, vertical take off aircraft. In rapid succession of the induction motor, Tesla developed new types of generators and transformers, a system of alternating-current power transmission, fluorescent lights, and a new type of steam turbine. His alternating current induction motor is considered one of the ten greatest discoveries of all times.

Much of the energy system now in place was created in an explosion of invention that began around 1890 and was largely finished by 1910. In 1882, Edison switched on the first

electrical power distribution system, providing 110 volts direct current to the customers around his Pearl Street generating station, and in early 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system, employing overhead wires began service. However, Edison\u2019s system had a severe disadvantage in that electricity could not be transported more than two miles (consequently, power stations were required at two mile intervals) due to its inability to step up to high voltage levels necessary for long distance transmission.

The alternate current system developed by Tesla was a superior technology over Edison's direct current one because alternate currents could be stepped up to very high voltages with transformers, sent over thinner wires, and stepped down again at the destination for distribution to users. Thus the cities all over the world were really transformed when the gas lamps were replaced by electric lights with alternate current invented by Nikola Tesla, the founder of modern power industry based on his poly-phase system and a large number of other inventions. To replace Edison's electric light bulb made with carbon of high resistance, many other designs have been investigated, including Tesla's idea of utilizing radio frequency waves emitted from the side electrode plates to light a wireless bulb. Tesla also developed plans to light a bulb with only one wire with the energy refocused back into the center of the bulb by the glass envelope with a center "button" to emit an incandescent glow.

Tesla\u2019s greatest achievement is his poly-phase alternating current system, which is today lighting the entire globe. Since his childhood, Tesla himself had dreamed of harnessing the power of the great natural wonder, and his dream became a reality in 1893 when the Niagara Falls Power Project was awarded to George Westinghouse, who was selected to harness the power of the falls by the use of alternating current invented by Nikola Tesla. At the head of the commission was

Lord Kelvin, the famous British physicist, a strong convert to alternating current, who previously had been as opposed to it as Thomas Edison. This was the final victory of alternating current over direct current concept.

After the Niagara Falls Power project was completed, the machines started to run smoothly as in Tesla's three- dimensional imagination. The first one thousand horsepower of electricity surging to Buffalo was claimed by the street railway company, but already the local power company had orders from residents for five thousand more, Figure 1. Within a few years the number of generators at Niagara Falls reached the planned ten, and power lines were electrifying New York City. Broadway was ablaze with lights; the elevated, street railways, and subway system rumbled and even the direct current systems converted to alternating current.

With poly-phase alternating current system of generators, motors and transformers developed by Nikola Tesla, the entire art of electric generation and utilization was changed. It was the Niagara Falls Power project that settled all doubt as to the universal adaptability of his alternating current concept, as well as laid the foundation for the marvelous electrical development which followed.

Major visions of Nikola Tesla are present in the modern electrical power industry, including a bladeless steam turbine based on a spiral flow principle, as well as exploration of solar energy and the power of the sea. The latest are presently of particular interest for combat the global warming and man induced climate change due to emissions of greenhouse gases from electricity generation, which is presently dominated by fossil fuels.

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, in which natural greenhouse gases are responsible for the Earth's warm, livable atmosphere. Greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide trap heat near the surface, keeping the Earth about 33\u00b0C warmer than it would be without its natural blanket of protective gas. However, a rise in their concentrations in the atmosphere caused by human activity including power generation can enhance the greenhouse effect and destabilize the climate, Figure 3.

The threat of man induced climate change beyond repair is in the focus of present discussions among scientific community, policy makers and international organisations. In that context the name of another Serbian genius, Milutin Milankovi\u0107, is mentioned very often for his astronomical theory of climate change.

Milutin Milankovi\u0107 (1879-1958), Serbian scientist, best known for his theory of ice ages and related variations of the Earth's orbit, is founder of modern "astronomical" theory of long-term climate change. His "Mathematical theory of thermic phenomena caused by solar radiation" won him a considerable reputation in the scientific world, notably for his "curve of insolation at the Earth's surface". In "Mathematical science of climate and astronomical theory of the variations of the climate" his theory of planetary climate is further developed with special reference to the Earth.

His theory of climate change is an explanation for changes in the seasons which result from changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. As the Earth spins around its axis and orbits around the Sun, several quasi-periodic variations occur. Although the curves have a large number of sinusoidal components, a few components are dominant. Milankovi\u0107 studied changes in the eccentricity, obliquity, and precession of Earth's movements. Such changes near the north polar area are considered important due to the large amount of land, which reacts to such changes more quickly than the oceans do.

Climate is maintained by a delicate balance between opposing factors, and Milankovi\u0107 argued that this effect alone was enough to upset that balance and cause ice ages. He was aware that this was just one of several factors, since it turns out that ice ages do not recur every 26,000 year, nor do they seem common in other geological epochs. The eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, which determines the closest approach to the Sun, also changes periodically, as does the inclination of the Earth's axis to the ecliptic.

Milankovi\u0107 developed his theory of the secular motion of the Earth's poles and his theory of glacial periods (known as \u201cMilankovi\u0107 cycles\u201d) by calculations of the Earth's orbit.He

calculated the slow changes in the Earth's orbit through equations using the gravitational pull of other planets and stars. He determined that the change of Earth\u2019s orbit causes seasons, that can also be accentuated or modified by the eccentricity (degree of roundness) of the orbital path around the Sun, and the precession effect, the position of the solstices in the annual orbit.

Over a 95,000 year cycle, the Earth's orbit around the sun changes from a thin ellipse to a circle and back again. Also, on a 42,000 year cycle, the angle of axis with respect to the plane of the Earth\u2019s revolution around the Sun changes. Milankovi\u0107 developed the mathematical formulas upon which these orbital variations are based. He hypothesized that, when some parts of the cyclic variations are combined and occur at the same time, they are responsible for major changes to the Earth's climate (even ice ages). Milankovi\u0107 estimated climatic fluctuations over the last 450,000 years and described cold and warm periods.

Geological studies found evidence that glaciers advanced and retreated several times in the last million years. The last retreat, occurred about 12,000 years ago, and right now, northern winter occurs in the part of the Earth's orbit where the north end of the axis points away from the Sun. However, since the axis moves around a cone, 13,000 years from now, in this part of the orbit, it will point towards the Sun, putting it in mid-summer just when the Earth is closest to the Sun.

Explanation of the demise of the dinosaurs by the climate change that destroyed their food supplies came not from major sudden disasters, but from slow changes in the orbit of the Earth itself. The story begins about 150 years ago when scientists found evidence of former giant glaciers or ice sheets, nearly a mile thick and extended across millions of square miles of land that today are covered with grass and forest. Careful study showed that the ice sheets had grown and shrunk across the continents not once, but many times. The glaciers appeared and disappeared during repeated cycles of hot and cold weather, each cycle lasting about 100,000 years. Many people tried to figure out why the "Ice Ages" happened, but only Milutin Milankovi\u0107 found the exact explanation through changes in the orbit of the Earth causing the average temperatures on Earth changes dependent on the Earth's distance from the Sun.

Milankovi\u0107 studied the three main orbital changes, the shape of Earth's orbit, tilt of Earth's axis, and the wobble of Earth's axis. Each of these changes are cyclical, and during the cycle of any one of these three changes, the Earth tends to grow warmer, and then cooler. The three orbital changes are actually all happening at the same time, but the length of the cycle of each change is different. Most of the time, the heating and cooling segment of each cycle cancel each other out, giving Earth a lukewarm climate. But sometimes orbital changes combine together to make the Earth's climate either very warm or very cold.

circular to slightly elongate and back again. The time it takes to go through a complete cycle from circular to elongate and back to circular is about 100,000 years. The second orbital change Milankovi\u0107 studied is the tilt of Earth's axis relative to its orbit around the Sun. (the tilt of Earth's axis is the main cause of the seasons) is not constant, but varies slightly over a cycle that lasts about 41,000 years. The third orbital change that Milankovi\u0107 studied is precession, the cyclical wobble of Earth's axis in a circle. Milankovi\u0107's cycles are the collective effect of changes in the Earth's movements (eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession) upon its climate.

The Earth's axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years, Figure 4. In addition, the Earth's tilt relative to the Sun changes between 21.5 degrees to 24.5 degrees and back again on a 41,000 year cycle.

One complete cycle for Earth takes about 26,000 years. In the upper part of the Figure 4 labelled "Now," Earth's axis is tilted so that summer occurs in the northern hemisphere on the left side of the Sun and winter on the right. In the lower part labelled "In 13,000 years," the axis has moved to where summer in the northern hemisphere occurs on the right side of the Sun and winter on the left.

The magnitude of the above phenomena also known as "Milankovi\u0107 effect" depends on the difference between largest and smallest distances from the Sun. That, in its turn, depends on the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, which varies with a 100,000-year cycle, on which a 413,000-year cycle is superposed. Deep-sea sediments show that in the last million years, but not before, the variation is dominated by a periodicity around 100,000 years.

Milankovi\u0107\u2019s astronomical theory suggests that the primary driver of ice ages is the total summer radiation received in northern latitude zones where major ice sheets have formed in the past, near 65 degrees north (65N), and the past ice ages correlate well to 65N summer insolation. Astronomical calculations show that 65N summer insolation should increase gradually over the next 25,000 years, and that no 65N summer insolation declines sufficient to cause an ice age, are expected in the next 50,000 - 100,000 years.

Unfortunately, this coincides with an increasing global warming caused by emissions of greenhouse gases from electricity generation and other uses of fossil fuels, as well as by deforestation and other human activities, that cause a rapid increase in the global temperature, followed by many unusual