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66
 
Sjbiîújv jl}sj bznis mkvfzsvkphj j`jk}hv mj vjl}kmh lh mkvfzsvh ghslibäv}kfh
 Ãlnjbi Diski WidklSjnjv ]hlk Vfe~iic
 Sjvzdh
 I qis}ks mh diqi }jöskfh mi Ilébkvj mh Mkvfzsvh `silfj$vi %IM+ qshqhdhv qjlvis h Ghslibkvdh qis}klmh mj mhkvfhlfjk}hv7 bznis mkvfzsvkph j vjl}kmh, Qshfzsidhv dhv$}sis i sjbjpãlfki mh jv}zmh mh Ghslibkvdh qhs djkh mjmkvqhvk}kphv }jöskfhv mi IM" yzj qjsdk}jd" ih ilibkv}i"hcvjspis h mkvfzsvh ghslibäv}kfh qjbi klmkvvhfképjb mzi$bkmimj }ju}h j fhl}ju}h" li czvfi qhs iqsjjlmjs h yzjjv}é fhbimh ih }ju}h" fhdh mj}jsdklimh mkvfzsvh czvfiqshmzwks j`jk}hv mj vjl}kmh,
 Qibipsiv$feipj 
Ghslibkvdh" Mkvfzsvh" Bznis mkvfzsvkph" Vjl}kmh
Icv}sif} 
@shd }ej }ejhsj}kfib diq h` }ej @sjlfe Mkvfhzsvj Ilib{vkv ~j qshqhvj }h }eklo ichz} }ej Ghzslibkvd `shd}ej }~h fhlfjq}v7 mkvfzsvkpj qbifj ilm vjlvj, ^j }skjm}h veh~ }ej sjbjpilfj h` }ej v}zm{ h` }ej Ghzslibkvd c{djilv h` }ej }ejhsj}kfib mjpkfjv h` }ej @sjlfe Mkvfhzsvj Ilib{vkv" }ei} k} ibbh~v" }h }ej ilib{v}" }h hcvjspj }ej ghzslibkv}kf mkvfhzsvj `hs }ej klmkvvhfkicbj mzibk}{ }ju}ilm fhl}ju}" kl }ej vjisfe `hs iqqsjejlmkln ~ei} k} kvnbzj }h }ej }ju}" eh~ mj}jsdkljm mkvfhzsvj vjisfejv }hqshmzfj j``jf}v h` }ej vjlvj,
Oj{ ~hsmv7
 Ghzslibkvd" Mkvfhzsvj" Mkvfzsvkpj qbifj" Vjlvj
 
Jv}zmhv jd Ghslibkvdh j Dämki Phb, KP L
h
9 $ 9
h
vjdjv}sj mj 311> 
6=
Jv}j is}knh }hdi h Ghslibkvdh jlyzil}hqsé}kfi mkvfzsvkpi" fhdh bznis mj vjbjîæh jmj fhlv}szîæh vkdcöbkfi mj zd iyzk j mj zdinhsi" jd yzj væh `zlmidjl}ikv iv jvfhbeivjl}sj iyzkbh yzj ë mk}h j h yzj ë vkbjlfki$mh" mj yzjd qis}kfkqi j mj yzjd ë izvjl$}imh mjvvj qshfjvvh, Ë qsjvjl}j" iklmi" yzjh mkvfzsvh ghslibäv}kfh li}zsibkwhz$vj fhdhh mkvfzsvh vhcsj h sjib" disfimh qhs zdi‒phl}imj mj pjsmimj— %@HZFIZB]" 3110+
9
,Jvvi sj`jsçlfki lhv qisjfj `zlmidjl}ib"bjdcsilmh yzj @hzfizb} %3110+ ichsmi iyzjv}æh mh qhmjs sjbifkhlilmh$h ih mkvfzs$vh mi pjsmimj" h yzj disfi }idcëd zdimj}jsdkliîæh" pklmi mh ju}jskhs" li fhlv$}k}zkîæh mh mkvfzsvh, Pibjlmh$vj mjv}j fiqk$
}ib" h Ghslibkvdh fhlnzshz$vj jd jvqiîh
mj bjnk}kdiîæh j kl}jsqsj}iîæh qis}kbeimimhv ifhl}jfkdjl}hv q÷cbkfhv fh}kmkilhv" qhsdjkh mi klv}k}zkîæh mj mkvfzsvhv sjpjv}kmhvmj phl}imj mj pjsmimj,
Hv mkvfzsvhv ghslibäv}kfhv }hslid$vj juqsjv$vújv déukdiv mh yzj ë pjsmimjksh? j ë fhdjbjv" pibj mkwjs" yzj fhlv}szädhv hv lhvvhvdhmhv mj fhdqsjjlmjs j pjs h dzlmh" pkvújvyzj }jfjd lhvvi qjsfjqîæh mh hz}sh j lhvvidiljksi mj bkmis fhd h mk`jsjl}j hz h vjdj$beil}j %SJVJLMJ" 31107 6+,
 I qshcbjdé}kfi yzj dhpj i qsjvjl}jichsminjd læh ë i mi czvfi qhs fhdqsjjl$mjs hv vjl}kmhv mj zd }ju}h %vjgi jbj hsib" jv$fsk}h hz kdinë}kfh+, Lhv nzkidhv" vkd" qjbiczvfi mj diljksiv mj sjpjbis hv qshfjvvhvmj fhlv}k}zkîæh mhv vjl}kmhv" mj `jssidjl$}iv yzj qhvvkckbk}jd mjvpjbis qshfjvvhv"djfilkvdhv mj `zlfkhlidjl}h mhv }ju}hv ghslibäv}kfhv" }hdimhv jlyzil}h mkvfzsvh, Ëqisi kvvh yzj dhckbkwisjdhv iyzk zdi vëskjmj fhlfjk}hv yzj fhdqúj h diqi }jöskfh mi Ilébkvj mh Mkvfzsvh mj bklei `silfjvi, Iyzk"
}jfjsjdhv jv}iv sjjuújv vhcsj h mkvfzsvh
 ghslibäv}kfh }hdilmh fhdh qhl}h mj qis}kmimhkv fhlfjk}hv yzj }çd äl}kdi sjbiîæh7 h mj
bznis mkvfzsvkph" qjlvilmh i nzsi mh ghs
$libkv}i lh mkvfzsvh" j h fhlfjk}h mj vjl}kmh"fhdqsjjlmkmh fhdh j`jk}h mj vjl}kmhv,Lhvvi ichsminjd }jd fhdh qsjdkvviyzj hv ifhl}jfkdjl}hv" `hl}j mj }sicibehmhv ghslibkv}iv" gé fejnid i jbjv qjbi bkl$nzinjd j ë qhs djkh mjbi yzj h Ghslibkvdhfhlv}sök vjl}kmhv j djmki iv mk`jsjl}jv klv$}ãlfkiv mh vhfkib, Mjv}i `hsdi" i bklnzinjd‒_,,,T fhlv}k}zk j læh mjvfsjpj iyzkbh yzj ëqhs jbi sjqsjvjl}imh— %CJSNJS" 9;;57 9;+,Ë qhs jvvi siwæh yzj qjlvis h Ghslibkvdhqjbhv djfilkvdhv mi bklnzinjd qhvvkckbk}imjkuis }silvqisjfjs h yzj eick}zibdjl}jqjsdiljfj jvfhlmkmh7 i }sidi mj sjbiîújvyzj fhlv}k}zk zd mkvfzsvh %gé }hdimh fhdh}ju}h qjbh ilibkv}i+" ju}siklmh mjbj hv qsh$fjvvhv qis}kfzbisjv %mh qsjvjl}j j mh ekv$}öskfh+ yzj h fhl`hsdid, Fhdh isnzdjl}iQhl}j %311:+" h mkvfzsvh ghslibäv}kfh ë qis}jkl}jnsil}j mi klv}k}zfkhlibkwiîæh mi vhfkj$mimj fhdh sjibkmimj hcgj}kpi, Qisi i iz}h$si" hv qshmz}hv ghslibäv}kfhv væh fissjnimhvmj vjl}kmh kmjhbönkfh" mj jvfhbeiv" mi lhîæhmj yzj jvviv væh iv di}ëskiv vhcsj iv yzikvvj mjpj vicjs, Væh hv fidqhv vjdãl}kfhvfhlv}szämhv qjbi bklnzinjd yzj fhlv}k}zjd
jvyzjdiv mj fbivvkfiîæh j qjsdk}jd i
ifzdzbiîæh mi juqjskçlfki, H dhmh fhdh hGhslibkvdh kl}jsinj j `ibi vhcsj hv mjdikvfidqhv }jd i pjs fhd iv vziv qsöqskiv fi$sif}jsäv}kfiv jlyzil}h zd vkv}jdi hsnilk$wimh,
H Ghslibkvdh fhlnzsi lissi}kpiv mj juqjsk
$djl}iîújv ë}kfi j dhsib" sjpjbi$vj fhdh pki
mj sjfhlnzsiîæh mi fzb}zsi fhl}jdqhsãlji,Jvvi sjfhlnzsiîæh vj sjibkwi lhv i}hv mj
 
9
@HZFIZB] %9;;0+ juqbkfk}i hvdhmhv mj bjnk}kdiîæh mhv bznisjvmj `ibi i qis}ks mj }sçv dhmjbhv7i kl}jsmkîæh" i vjnsjniîæh j iphl}imj mj pjsmimj, H fidqhmhv djmki j" jvqjfkibdjl}j" h mhGhslibkvdh" klv}k}zk bznisjv j qshmzw `ibiv sjpjv}kmiv mi phl}imjmj pjsmimj7 ‒yzjd `ibi j mj hlmj `ibi væh fsk}ëskhv icvhbz}idjl}j
sjbjpil}jv j mj`lkmhsjv mh yzj ë 
hz mjkui mj vjs pjsmimj— j ‒h bznismj sjqsjvjl}iîæh mh ifhl}jfkdjl}hë klv}k}zfkhlibdjl}j bjnk}kdimhhz qhsyzj iyzjbj yzj qsh`jsj h
mkvfzsvh" li `nzsi djvdh mh
vzgjk}h yzj `ibi" }jd fsjmkckbkmimj— %SJVJLMJ" 311>7 6+,
 
6:
bjk}zsi miv lh}äfkiv mj fimi mki yzilmh h bjk}hs"hzpkl}j hz }jbjvqjf}imhs fski}kpidjl}j sjkl}js$qsj}i" vhc h djvdh `zlmh fzb}zsib mh iz}hs" hqjsfzsvh mj sjqsjvjl}iîæh mhv msidiv j }sinë$mkiv mh ehdjd dhmjslh %DH]]I" 311:7 66+
 I skyzjwi mh mkvfzsvh ghslibäv}kfh sjvkmjljv}i fhlv}k}zkîæh læh iqjliv fhdh zd bz$nis mj ifhbekdjl}h miv fhdqsjjlvújv vhcsjhv piskimhv qshfjvvhv vhfkikv" div pjlmh$vj%hz vjlmh pkv}h+ fhdh injl}j ljv}j fjléskh"
mkvqhlmh mj sjnsiv j jvqjfkfkmimjv yzj hqj
$sid li fksfzbiîæh mj vjl}kmhv,Qisi ]siyzkli %31197 5>+" iv jvfhbeiv væhhskjl}imiv ‒_,,,T qjbi iqisçlfki yzj i ―sj$ibkmimj‛ ivvzdj qisi hv ghslibkv}iv" qjbivfhlpjlîújv yzj dhbmid i vzi qjsfjqîæh j`hsljfjd h sjqjs}öskh `hsdib qisi i iqsjvjl$}iîæh mhv ifhl}jfkdjl}hv" qjbiv klv}k}zkîújvj sh}kliv—, Qhs jv}i fhlfjqîæh" i vjbjîæh mhyzj pik pksis lh}äfki jv}é fibfimi jd fsk}ë$skhv j jv}si}ënkiv" klfhsqhsimiv fhdh sh}kliv
qshvvkhlikv,
Jvviv }jhskwiîújv qjsdk}jd pjs yzj ivlh}äfkiv sjvzb}id mj qshfjvvhv fhdqbjuhv,Dikv mh yzj kvvh" yzj h qsöqskh Ghslibkvdhë zd qshfjvvh j }hmi i vzi qshfjvvzibkmimjvj dilk`jv}i lh }ju}h" i di}jskibkwiîæh mhmkvfzsvh" h`js}imi qisi kl}jsqsj}iîæh mh q÷$cbkfh, Ë vhcsj jvvi di}jskibkmimj yzj h ili$bkv}i mj mkvfzsvh pik vj mjcszîis" mjpjlmh"qisi kvvh" fhlvkmjsis `hs}jdjl}j iv jvqjfk$
fkmimjv mh Ghslibkvdh, Vjd kv}h" sjvvib}i
Difeimh %311>7 ,3+ hv sjvzb}imhv væh ‒_,,,Tjyzkphfimhv" mkv}hsfkmhv hz djvdh }h}ib$djl}j klpébkmhv—,Li ilébkvj mh mkvfzsvh ghslibäv}kfh ë qsj$fkvh jv}icjbjfjs i fhljuæh fhd h kmjhbönkfhlh }ju}h, H mkébhnh fhd hv mkvqhvk}kphv mi Ilébkvj mh Mkvfzsvh `silfjvi %IM+
3
mjvj$lei$vj fhdh zd fidkleh qisi `iwjs jdjsnkshv j`jk}hv mj vjl}kmh yzj fhlv}k}zjd i }jkimkvfzsvkpi, ]sicibeis fhd i fhdqsjjlvæhmh Ghslibkvdh jlyzil}h mkvfzsvh qsjvvzqújfhlvkmjsis }hmhv hv ivqjf}hv jlphbpkmhv ljv$}j vkv}jdi" ljv}i qshfjvvzibkmimj qsöqski mh`iwjs ghslibäv}kfh" vjlmh yzj jv}jv ivqjf}hvlæh jv}æh mh bimh mj `hsi mh }ju}h" div klvj$skmhv ljbj, I qsöqski bönkfi mj qjlvis h Ghslibkvdhjlyzil}h zd vkv}jdi qsjvvzqúj hqjsis jd}jsdhv mj hsnilkwiîæh j kl}jsiîæh %@HL]$FZCJS]I j CHSSI]" 3110+ j jdchsi iv
lh}äfkiv vjgid ‒_,,,T fhmkfimiv jd jv}sz
$}zsiv gé qjsfjckmiv j qsjpkv}iv— %DH]]I"31117 3+" jv}j vkv}jdi læh qsjjlfej hv `zshvljd vj }silvpjv}j mj }silvqisçlfki, I hqifk$mimj" fisif}jsäv}kfi `zlmidjl}ib mi bälnzi"ë kl}sälvjfi ih mkvfzsvh, J yzil}h dikv jv}j`zlfkhli" djlhv jpkmjl}j vj dhv}si i kmjh$bhnki
6
, Ë ljv}j dhdjl}h" qhsëd" yzj jbi vj
`iw dikv qsjvjl}j, Qzuis jv}jv hv ë }isj`i
mh ilibkv}i,
Vhcsj i fhlv}k}zkîæh mhv vjl}kmhv
Jd IM" h vjl}kmh læh qhmj vjs qjlvimhfhdh zd qshmz}h ificimh" sjvzb}imh mj zdiqhvväpjb }silvqisçlfki mi bälnzi, H vjl}kmhmjpj vjs fhdqsjjlmkmh fhdh ibnh yzj jv}évjdqsj jd fzsvh" yzj vj dhpj j vj qshmzwqhs djkh mj mj}jsdkliîújv vöfkh$ekv}öskfiv,Miä i ljfjvvkmimj mj vj `ibis jd j`jk}hv mjvjl}kmh" hz jl}æh" jd j`jk}hv mj vjl}kmh jl}sjbhfz}hsjv" fhd h vjl}kmh mjqjlmh miv sjbiîújvyzj vj jv}icjbjfjd lh fjléskh mkvfzsvkph,Qjlvis j`jk}hv mj vjl}kmh j bznis mkv$fzsvkph sjyzjs h jl}jlmkdjl}h mh fhlfjk$}h mj `hsdiîújv kdinkléskiv" yzj vzsnjjd 9;0;" yzilmh Qçfejzu %9;;6+ h klvfsj$pj li lhîæh mj jvyzjdi ―kl`hsdifkhlib‛mj Giohcvhl" fhd h qshqövk}h mj qjlvish `zlfkhlidjl}h mh qshfjvvh mkvfzsvkph
3 
Jlyzil}h mkvfkqbkli j dë}hmh" i IM ë fhlfjckmi j ipilîi i qis}ksmj qsjvvzqhv}hv mi Bklnòäv}kfi"mh disukvdh j mi Qvkfilébkvj, Ivvkd" czvfi sjbifkhlis i bälnzifhd i ekv}öski j fhdh jbivi}zid li qshmzîæh mj vjl}kmhv"mjvbhfilmh i lhîæh mj ehdjd j qjlvilmh zd vzgjk}h mkvfzsvkphyzj `zlfkhli qjbh klfhlvfkjl}jj qjbi kmjhbhnki %HSBILMK"3119+, Ih mkwjs" h klmkpämzh ëkl}jsqjbimh qjbi kmjhbhnki j ëmjvvi diljksi yzj i bälnzi `iwvjl}kmh,
6 
H fhlgzl}h mj fhlfjk}hvkliznzsimhv qhs Dkfejb Qçfejzu" qsklfkqibdjl}j i qis}ks mimëfimi mj >1" mh vëfzbh UU" qsjvvzqúj yzj læh eé mkvfzsvhvjd vzgjk}h j læh eé vzgjk}hvjd kmjhbhnki" i qis}ks mjjl}jlmkdjl}hv czvfimhv jd Ib}ezvvjs %9;5:+" qisi yzjd}hmh klmkpämzh vj }hsli vzgjk}hih vjs kl}jsqjbimh qjbi kmjhbhnki"vjd fhlvkmjsé$bh injl}j miekv}öski" div injl}j li ekv}öski%IB]EZVVJS" 9;>5+" hz vjgi"vziv fhlv}szîújv vj mæh i qis}ksmj mj}jsdklimiv fhlmkîújvj mh yzj bejv ë qjsdk}kmhipilîis, Qçfejzu %9;;:+
sjvvknlk`fi jv}j qjlvidjl}h
i qis}ks mi bklnzinjd j læhvhfkhbhnkfidjl}j" }jlmh ikmjhbhnki fhdh fhlgzl}h mjsjqsjvjl}iîújv" fhdh pkvæh mjdzlmh hz fhdh hfzb}iîæh misjibkmimj,
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