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Compressible Navier-Stokes formulation for a perfect gas Page 1 of 51. M
Here we derive the mathematical model describing the behavior of a compressible, perfect gas. Specialattention is paid to the origins of all conservation laws and constitutive relations employed. Direct notationis employed to ease conversion to an arbitrary coordinate system. The model will nondimensionalized afterderivation is complete.1.1.
Conservation laws.
1.1.1.
Reynolds transport theorem.
Consider a time-varying control volume
Ω
with surface
∂
Ω
and unitoutward normal ˆ
n
. For any scalar, vector, or tensor field quantity
T
, Leibniz’ theorem states
d dt
Ω
(
t
)
T
(
x
,
t
)
dV
=
Ω
∂∂
t T dV
+
∂
Ω
ˆ
n
·
wT dA
=
Ω
∂∂
t T
+
·
wT dV
where
w
is the velocity of
∂
Ω
. When
Ω
follows a fixed set of fluid particles,
w
becomes the fluid velocity
u
.1.1.2.
Mass continuity.
Since mass
M
=
Ω
ρ
dV
and mass conservation requires
d dt
M
=
0,0
=
d dt M
=
d dt
Ω
ρ
dV
=
Ω
∂∂
t
ρ
+
·
u
ρ
dV
.
Because the result must hold for any control volume, we obtain
∂∂
t
ρ
+
·
ρ
u
=
0
.
1.1.3.
Momentum equation.
Separating total force into surface forces and a body force density
F
=
∂
Ω
f
s
dA
+
Ω
ρ
f
b
dV
=
∂
Ω
σ
ˆ
ndA
+
Ω
ρ
f
b
dV
=
Ω
·
σ
+
ρ
f
b
dV
where
σ
is the Cauchy stress tensor. Examining momentum
I
=
Ω
ρ
udV
and its conservation
d dt
I
=
F
,
Ω
∂∂
t
ρ
u
+
·
(
u
⊗
ρ
u
)
dV
=
Ω
·
σ
+
ρ
f
b
dV
.
Because the control volume may be arbitrary,
∂∂
t
ρ
u
+
·
(
u
⊗
ρ
u
)
=
·
σ
+
ρ
f
b
.
We further separate pressure
p
and viscous contributions
τ
to the Cauchy stress tensor so that
σ
=
−
pI
+
τ
,
∂∂
t
ρ
u
+
·
(
u
⊗
ρ
u
)
=
−
p
+
·
τ
+
ρ
f
b
.
Lastly, observing that
u
⊗
ρ
u
=
1
ρ
ρ
u
⊗
ρ
u
is symmetric,
∂∂
t
ρ
u
+
12
·
(
u
⊗
ρ
u
+
ρ
u
⊗
u
)
=
−
p
+
·
τ
+
ρ
f
b
.
1.1.4.
Energy equation.
Lumping internal and kinetic energy into an intrinsic density
e
, the energy
E
is
E
=
Ω
ρ
edV
.
Compressible Navier-Stokes formulation for a perfect gas Page 2 of 5Treating heatinput
Q
as both a surface phenomenon described by an outward heatflux
q
s
and as a volumetricphenomenon governed by a body heating density
q
b
,
Q
=
Ω
ρ
q
b
dV
−
∂
Ω
ˆ
n
·
q
s
dA
=
Ω
ρ
q
b
− ·
q
s
dV
.
Power input
P
=
F
·
v
accounts for surface stress work and body force work to give
P
=
∂
Ω
σ
ˆ
n
·
udA
+
Ω
ρ
f
b
·
udV
=
Ω
·
σ
u
+
ρ
f
b
·
udV
.
Demanding energy conservation
d dt
E
=
Q
+
P
,
Ω
∂∂
t
ρ
e
+
·
u
ρ
edV
=
Ω
ρ
q
b
− ·
q
s
dV
+
Ω
·
σ
u
+
ρ
f
b
·
udV
.
Again, since the control volume was arbitrary,
∂∂
t
ρ
e
+
·
ρ
eu
=
− ·
q
s
+
·
σ
u
+
ρ
f
b
·
u
+
ρ
q
b
.
After splitting
σ
’s pressure and viscous stress contributions we have
∂∂
t
ρ
e
+
·
ρ
eu
=
− ·
q
s
− ·
pu
+
·
τ
u
+
ρ
f
b
·
u
+
ρ
q
b
.
1.2.
Constitutive relations and other assumptions.
1.2.1.
Perfect gas.
We assume our fluid is a thermally and calorically perfect gas governed by
p
=
ρ
RT
where
R
is the gas constant. The constant volume
C
v
specific heat, constant pressure specific heat
C
p
, andacoustic velocity
a
relationships follow:
γ
=
C
p
C
v
C
v
=
R
γ
−
1
C
p
=
γ
R
γ
−
1
R
=
C
p
−
C
v
a
2
=
γ
RT
We assume
γ
and therefore
C
v
and
C
p
are constant. The total (internal and kinetic) energy density is
e
=
C
v
T
+
u
·
u
2
=
RT
γ
−
1
+
u
·
u
2
.
See a gas dynamics reference, e.g. Liepmann & Roshko 1957, for more details.1.2.2.
Newtonian fluid.
If we seek a constitutive law for the viscous stress tensor
τ
using only velocity in-formation, the principle of material frame indi
ff
erence implies that uniform translation (given by velocity
u
) and solid-body rotation (given by the skew-symmetric rotation tensor
ω
=
12
u
−
u
T
) may not in-fluence
τ
. Considering contributions only up to the gradient of velocity, extensional strain (dilatation) andshear strain e
ff
ects may depend on only the symmetric rate-of-deformation tensor
ε
=
12
u
+
u
T
and itsprincipal invariants.Assuming
τ
is isotropic and depends linearly upon only
ε
, we can express it as
τ
ij
=
c
ijmn
ε
mn
=
A
δ
ij
δ
mn
+
B
δ
im
δ
jn
+
C
δ
in
δ
jm
ε
mn
for some
A
,
B
,
C
∈
R
=
A
δ
ij
ε
mm
+
B
ε
ij
+
C
ε
ji
=
A
δ
ij
ε
mm
+
(
B
+
C
)
ε
ji
=
2
µε
ij
+
λδ
ij
·
u
Compressible Navier-Stokes formulation for a perfect gas Page 3 of 5where
µ
=
12
(
B
+
C
)is the viscosity and
λ
=
A
is the second viscosity. Reverting to direct notation we have
τ
=
2
µε
+
λ
(
·
u
)
I
=
µ
u
+
u
T
+
λ
(
·
u
)
I
1.2.3.
Stokes hypothesis.
We generally assume the second viscosity
λ
=
−
23
µ
. However, because we antic-ipate separately maintaining
λ
being useful, we will not combine
µ
and
λ
terms in the model.1.2.4.
Power law viscosity.
We assume that viscosity varies only with temperature according to
µ µ
0
=
T T
0
β
where
µ
0
and
T
0
are suitable reference values. This relationship models air well for temperatures up toseveral thousand degrees K. See Svehla’s 1962 NASA technical report R-132.1.2.5.
Fourier’s equation.
We neglect the transport of energy by molecular di
ff
usion and radiative heattransfer. We seek a relation between the surface heat flux
q
s
and the temperature
T
. The principle of frameindi
ff
erence implies we may only use the temperature gradient so that
q
s
=
κ
·
T
where
κ
is a thermal conductivity tensor. Consistent with our assumption that
τ
is isotropic, we assume
κ
isisotropic to obtain
q
s
=
−
κ
T
where
κ
is the scalar thermal conductivity. We introduce the negative sign so that heat flows from hot to coldwhen
κ >
0.1.2.6.
Constant Prandtl number.
We assume the Prandtl number
Pr
=
µ
C
p
κ
is constant. Because
C
p
isconstant the ratio
µκ
must be constant. The viscosity and thermal conductivity must either grow at identicalrates or they must grow according to an inverse relationship. The latter is not observed in practice for ourclass of fluids, and so we assume
µ µ
0
=
κ κ
0
.
1.2.7.
Body force density.
We generally assume
f
b
=
0. However, in the formulation, we allow the
f
b
to vary in all spatial directions and across time. Retaining body force will simplify using the method of manufactured solutions for implementation verification.1.2.8.
Body heating density.
We assume a space- and time-varying body heating density
q
b
.1.3.
Nondimensionalization.
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