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Contents
S. No.Page No.
1.
Etymology …………………………………………………………..1
2.
Definition ……………………………………………………………1
3.
Basic Elements …………………………………………………….1
4.
Cultural Models …………………………………………………….1
4.1
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Dimensions ………………….1
4.2
Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Dimensions …………………………2
4.3
Trompenaars and Hapden-Turner’s 7 Cultural Dimensions …….4
5.
Comparison …………………………………………………………5
5.1Hofstede vs. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck ………………………...55.2
Hofstede vs. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner ……………….6
6.
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..6
 
CULTURE
Etymology
From theLatin 
cultura
stemming from
colere
, meaning "to cultivate.
Definition
The British anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett Tylor defined culture as
"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customand any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." 
Tylor's definition includes three of the most important characteristics of culture:
1.
Culture is acquired by people.
2.
A person acquires culture as a member of society.
3.
Culture is a complex whole.
What are basic elements of all cultures?
 All cultures have features that result from basic needs shared by all people. Everyculture has methods of obtaining food and shelter. Every culture has ways to protectitself against invaders. It also has family relationships including forms of marriage andsystems of kinship. A culture has religious beliefs and a set of practices to express them.All societies have forms of artistic expression such as carving, painting and music. Inaddition, all cultures have some type of scientific knowledge. This knowledge may befolklore about the plants people eat and the animals they hunt, or it may be a highlydeveloped science.
CULTURAL MODELSOverview
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Dimensions
These anthropologists have developed a taxonomy of cultural values that looks atculture as a response to social problems. They offer six dimensions, based on problemsthat all societies face but resolve differently, across which we can measure and comparecultures. These problems and their categories are:
1.
How do we view the environment (natural and social worlds)? Subjugation, Harmony,Mastery.
2.
How do we see relationships among people? Hierarchical, Group, Individual.
3.
How do we posit ourselves in the world? Being, Thinking, Doing.
4.
What is basic human nature? Bad, Mixed, Good, and Changeable/Unchangeable.
5.
How do we think about and use time? Past, Present or Future Orientation, andPlentiful or Scarce.
6.
How do we think about and use space? Private, Mixed, Public.
 
Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Dimensions
Hofstede has found five dimensions of culture in his study of national work relatedvalues. Replication studies have yielded similar results, pointing to stability of thedimensions across time. The dimensions are:
1.Small vs. large power distance
How much the less powerful members of institutions and organizations expectand accept that power is distributed unequally. In cultures with small power distance (e.g. Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand), people expectand accept power relations that are more consultative or democratic. Peoplerelate to one another more as equals regardless of formal positions.Subordinates are more comfortable with and demand the right to contribute toand critique the decisions of those in power. In cultures with large power distance(e.g. Malaysia), the less powerful accept power relations that are autocratic or paternalistic. Subordinates acknowledge the power of others based on their formal, hierarchical positions. Thus,
Small vs. Large Power Distance
does notmeasure or attempt to measure a culture's objective, "real" power distribution, butrather the way people perceive power differences.
2.Individualism vs. collectivism
How much members of the culture define themselves apart from their groupmemberships. In individualist cultures, people are expected to develop anddisplay their individual personalities and to choose their own affiliations.In collectivist cultures, people are defined and act mostly as a member of a long-term group, such as the family, a religious group, an age cohort, a town, or aprofession, among others. This dimension was found to move towards theindividualist end of the spectrum with increasing national wealth.
3.Masculinity vs. femininity 
The value placed on traditionally male or female values (as understood in mostWestern cultures). In so-called 'masculine' cultures, people (whether male or female) value competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition, and the accumulationof wealth and material possessions. In so-called 'feminine' cultures, people(again whether male or female) value relationships and quality of life. Thisdimension is often renamed by users of Hofstede's work, e.g. to
Quantity of Life
of 00

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