3The Kingdom of Holland acts under a proportional electoral system with each political party being assigned seats based on the number of votes that the party's candidates receive in elections.Candidates are drawn from official listsfrom each party so that voters focustheir choices on parties rather than onindividual members. All citizens over eighteen are eligible to vote thoughvoting is voluntary.Political parties proliferate in the Netherlands with coalitiongovernments the norm since thenineteenth century. Followingelections to the Second Chamber or if the government should fall, themonarch appoints a
formateur,
who isdirected to assemble from among theelected parties a governing cabinet. Thegovernment is headed by a minister- president or prime minister. Thesovereign, the government, and theSecond Chamber each have the right tointroduce legislation, and all billsapproved by the
Staten Generaal
mustin turn be signed by the monarch.The two chambers of parliamenttogether with three other advisory bodies constitute the
Hoge Collegesvan Staat
(high colleges of state), all of which are explicitly recognized by theconstitution as independent institutions.The
Raad van Staat
(Council of State)is composed of specialists, judges, andother experts chosen by the monarchand chaired by the queen. The
Raad van Staat
advises on the constitutionaland judicial aspects of proposedlegislation. All cabinet bills must bevetted by the council, whose opinion,while not binding, often spurssignificant parliamentary debate. Thecouncil additionally acts as thecountry's high court of administrativelaw. The
Algemene Rekenkamer
(General Chamber of Auditors), whosemembers are appointed by the cabinet,audits the national government'saccounts and exercise considerable behind the scenes power.The Kingdom of Holland on Earthdivided into twelve
provincies
(provinces) and the major colonyworlds are organized as it own
provincie
, not quite having grown largeenough yet to be subdivided though both are coming close, each with itsown government. The government of each
provincie
consists of
ProvincialeStaten
(provincial legislatures), directlyelected every four years, a
Gedeputeerde Staten
(executivecouncil), whose members are elected by the legislature, and a
Commissaris
(queen's commissioner), who is directlyappointed by the monarch and thegovernment and who serves as president of both the provinciallegislator and the council. The
provincies
are further subdivided into
gemeenten
(municipalities) with their own local governments.Queen Wilhelmina has considerableinfluence in the government, boththrough her rank as monarch and her wealth, though she keeps her influence behind the scenes when possible. TheKingdom of Holland’s government isdivided among several parties, a problem of the proportionalrepresentation system, which mustcome together to form a majoritygovernment. The major parties are:
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