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 235
 Water and WastewaterConveyance
 The design considerations for the piping system are thefunction of the specifics of the system. However, all pipingsystems have a few common issues: the pipe strength mustbe able to resist internal pressure, handling, and earth andtraffic loads; the pipe characteristics must enable the pipeto withstand corrosion and abrasion and expansion andcontraction of the pipeline (if the line is exposed to atmo-spheric conditions); engineers must select the appropriatepipe support, bedding, and backfill conditions; the designmust account for the potential for pipe failure at the con-nection point to the basins due to subsidence of a massivestructure; and the composition of the pipe must not giverise to any adverse effects on the health of consumers.
 
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 8.1DELIVERING THE LIFEBLOODOF CIVILIZATION
 Conveyance or piping systems resemble veins, arteries andcapillaries. According to Nayyar, “they carry the lifebloodof modern civilization. In a modern city they transport waterfrom the sources of water supply to the points of distri-bution; convey waste from residential and commercialbuildings and other civic facilities to the treatment facilityor the point of discharge.”
 
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 Water and wastewater operators must be familiar withpiping, piping systems, and the many components thatmake piping systems function. Operators are directly con-cerned with various forms of piping, tubing, hose, and thefittings that connect these components to create workablesystems.This chapter covers important, practical informationabout the piping systems that are a vital part of plantoperation, essential to the success of the total activity. Toprevent major system trouble, skilled operators are calledupon to perform the important function of preventivemaintenance to avoid major breakdowns, and must be ableto make needed repairs when breakdowns do occur. Acomprehensive knowledge of piping systems and accou-trements is essential to maintaining plant operations.
 8.2CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS
 In regard to early conveyance systems, the prevailing prac-tice in medieval England was the use of closed pipes. Thispractice was contrary to the Romans who generallyemployed open channels in their long-distance aqueductsand used pipes mainly to distribute water within cities.The English preferred to lay long runs of pipes from thewater source to the final destination. The Italians, on theother hand, where antique aqueduct arches were still vis-ible, seem to have had more of a tendency to follow theRoman tradition of long-distance channel conduits. Atleast some of the channel aqueducts seem to have fed localdistribution systems of lead or earthenware pipes.
 
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 With today’s water and wastewater conveyance, notmuch has changed from the past. Our goal today remainsthe same: (1) convey water from source to treatment facilityto user, and (2) convey wastewater from user to treatmentto the environment.In water and wastewater operations, the term convey-ance or piping system refers to a complete network of pipes,valves, and other components. For water and wastewateroperations in particular, the piping system is all-inclusive;it includes both the network of pipes, valves, and othercomponents that bring the flow (water or wastewater) tothe treatment facility, as well as piping, valves and othercomponents that distribute treated water to the end userand treated wastewater to outfall. In short, all piping sys-tems are designed to perform a specific function.Probably the best way to illustrate the importance of a piping system is to describe many of its applicationsused in water and wastewater operations. In the modernwater and wastewater treatment plant piping systems arecritical to successful operation. In water/wastewater oper-ations, fluids and gases are used extensively in processingoperations; they usually are conveyed through pipes. Pipingcarries water and wastewater into the plant for treatment,fuel oil to heating units, steam to steam services, lubricantsto machinery, compressed air to pneumatic service outletsfor air-powered tools, etc., and chemicals to unit processes.In water treatment alone, Kawamura points out that thereare “six basic piping systems: (1) raw water and finishedwaste distribution mains; (2) plant yard piping that con-nects the unit processes; (3) plant utility, including the firehydrant lines; (4) chemical lines; (5) sewer lines; and(6) miscellaneous piping, such as drainage and irrigationlines.”
 
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 Besides raw water, treated water, wastewater influent,and treated wastewater effluent, the materials conveyedthrough piping systems include oils, chemicals, liquefiedgases, acids, paints, sludge, and many others.
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© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
 
 
 Important Point:
Because of the wide variety of materials that piping systems can convey, thecomponents of piping systems are made of dif-ferent materials and are furnished in many sizesto accommodate the requirements of numerousapplications. For example, pipes and fittingscan be made of stainless steel, many differenttypes of plastic, brass, lead, glass, steel, andcast iron.Any waterworks or wastewater treatment plant hasmany piping systems, not just the systems that conveywater and wastewater. Along with those mentioned earlier,keep in mind that plant-piping systems also include thosethat provide hot and cold water for plant personnel use.Another system heats the plant, while another may be usedfor air conditioning.Water and wastewater operators have many responsi-bilities and basic skills. The typical plant operator isskilled in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems;chemical feed systems, and mechanical equipment oper-ation and repair in piping system maintenance activities.However, only the fluid transfer systems are important tous in this text. The units that the piping system serves orsupplies (such as pumping, unit processes, and machines)are discussed in other chapters of the text.For water and wastewater operators, a familiar exampleof a piping system is the network of sodium hypochloritepipes in treatment plants that use this chemical for disin-fection and other purposes. The whole group of compo-nents — pipes, fittings, and valves — working togetherfor one purpose makes up a
system
. This particular systemhas a definite purpose — to carry sodium hypochloriteand distribute it, conveying it to point of application.
 Note:
This chapter is concerned only with the pipingsystem used to circulate the chemical, not withthe hypochlorination equipment itself. Ourconcern begins where the chemical outlet is con-nected to the storage tank and continues to thepoint where the pipe is connected to the pointof application. The piping, fittings, and valvesof the hypochlorination pipeline (and others) areimportant to us. Gate, needle, pressure-relief,air-and-vacuum relief, diaphragm, pinch butter-fly, check, rotary and globe valves, traps, expan-sion joints, plugs, elbows, tee fittings, couplings,reducers, laterals, caps, and other fittings helpensure the effective flow of fluids through thelines. As you trace a piping system through yourplant site, you will find many of them (see Fig-ure 8.1). They are important because they aredirectly related to the operation of the system.Piping system maintenance is concerned withkeeping the system functioning properly, and tofunction properly, piping systems must be keptclosed and leak proof.
 Important Point:
Figure 8.1 shows a single-line dia-gram that is similar to an electrical schematic. Ituses symbols for all the diagram components. Adouble-line diagram (not shown here) is a picto-rial view of the pipe, joints, valves and othermajor components similar to an electrical wiringdiagram, instead of an electrical schematic.
 FIGURE 8.1
 Shows various components in a single-line piping diagram. (From Spellman, F.R. and Drinan, J.,
Piping and Valves,
 Technomic Publ., Lancaster, PA, 2001.)
Cap90
°
Elbow(turned down)TeefittingCheck valveCheck valveGatevalve45
°
ElbowReducedCouplingUnionElbowLateral
 
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
 
 
8.2.1D
 
EFINITIONS
 Key terms related to water and wastewater conveyance arelisted and defined in this section.
 Absolute pressure
 gauge pressure plus atmosphericpressure.
 Alloy
 a substance composed of two or more metals.
 Anneal
 to heat and then cool a metal in order to makeit softer and less brittle.
 Annealing
 process of heating and then cooling ametal, usually to make it softer and less brittle.
 Asbestos
 fibrous mineral form of magnesium silicate.
 Backsiphonage
 a condition in which the pressure inthe distribution system is less than atmosphericpressure, which allows contamination to entera water system through a cross-connection.
 Bellows
 a device that uses a bellows for measuringpressure.
 Bimetallic
 made of two different types of metal.
 Bourbon tube
 a semicircular tube of elliptical crosssection, used to sense pressure changes.
 Brazing
 soldering with a nonferrous alloy that meltsat a lower temperature than that of the metalsbeing joined; also known as hard soldering.
 Butterfly valve
 a valve in which a disk rotates on ashaft as the valve opens and closes. In the fullopen position, the disk is parallel to the axis of the pipe.
 Carcass
 the reinforcement layers of a hose, betweenthe inner tube and the outer cover.
 Cast iron
 a generic term for the family of high carbon-silicon-iron casting alloys including gray,white, malleable, and ductile iron.
 Check valve
 a valve designed to open in the directionof normal flow and close with reversal of flow.An approved check valve has substantial con-struction and suitable materials, is positive inclosing, and permits no leakage in a directionopposite to normal flow.
 Condensate
 steam that condenses into water in a pip-ing system.
 Diaphragm valve
 a valve in which the closing elementis a thin, flexible disk often used in low-pressuresystems.
 Differential pressure
 the difference between the inletand outlet pressures in a piping system.
 Double-line diagram
 pictorial view of the pipes, joints, valves, and other major components sim-ilar to an electrical wiring diagram.
 Ductile
 a term applied to a metal that can be fashionedinto a new form without breaking.
 Expansion joint
 absorbs thermal expansion or con-traction in piping systems.
 Extruding
 process of shaping a metal or plastic byforcing it through a die.
 Ferrous
 a term applied to a metal that contains iron.
 Ferrule
 a short bushing used for making a tightconnection.
 Filter
 an accessory fitting used to remove solids froma fluid stream.
 Fluids
 any substance that flows.
 Flux
 used in soldering to prevent the formation of oxides during the soldering operation and toincrease the wetting action so solder can flowmore freely.
 Friable
 readily crumbled by hand.
 Gate valve
 a valve in which the closing element con-sists of a disk that slides across an opening tostop the flow of water.
 Gauge pressure
 the amount by which the total abso-lute pressure exceeds the ambient atmosphericpressure.
 Globe valve
 a valve having a round, ball-like shell andhorizontal disk.
 Joint
 a connection between two lengths of pipe orbetween a length of pipe and a fitting.
 Laminar
 flow arranged in or consisting of thin layers.
 Mandrel
 a central core or spindle around which mate-rial may be shaped.
 Neoprene
 a synthetic material that is highly resistantto oil, flame, various chemicals, and weathering.
 Metallurgy
 the science and study of metals.
 Nominal pipe size
 the thickness given in the productmaterial specifications or standard to whichmanufacturing tolerances are applied.
 Nonferrous
 a term applied to a material that does notcontain iron.
 Piping systems
 a complete network of pipes, valves,and other components.
 Ply
 one of several thin sheets or layers of material.
 Prestressed concrete
 concrete that has been com-pressed with wires or rods in order to reduce oreliminate cracking and tensile forces.
 Pressure-regulating valve
 a valve with a horizontaldisk for automatically reducing water pressuresin a main to a preset value.
 PVC
 polyvinyl chloride plastic pipe.
 Schedule
 approximate value of the expression 1000P/S, where P is the service pressure and S isthe allowable stress, both expressed in poundsper square inch.
 Single-line diagram
 uses symbols for all the diagramcomponents.
 Soldering
 a form of brazing in which nonferrous fillermetals having melting temperatures below800ºF (427ºC) are used. The filler material iscalled solder and is distributed between sur-faces by capillary action.
 
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
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