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9;
7#9#
Wfbkchy ch ozoev Klo}kev obonv
Ď
ko af pykbafcv ojyf
Ę
fckd bojflh ogafcak}hcah oeolkŨh wchbafyob owbkŨlah}hcah kqyhjf pyoafehzh ojyųk}on yhq}oah# Qfblaopkwcf, jyvŨz}fcf k feocobwefowoikzowzk ozoeh pyfjwzh}lahav qch
Ă
hahc yhq}oack vqoyhe qh ivjv
Ď
v pykbafcv ch bhlkb dy}hzwekbozogkbh# Zfoykawek k bfzojoloŨek eocgfpz qh ogafcak}hcaf yhq}oacf polkzkef joik}h v Fvyopweoajkyfezk}k 9008/:9/GF kq 9008# nojkcf afjhc qch
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hahc coybhzk}ck oe}ky o eoafb af pozyfico jhzk afjcv eyhzev hchlkqv#JocoŨfcafb Fvyopwef jkyfezk}f 9008/:9/GF kq 9008# nojkcf qhz}hyh wf afjch jvųh coybhzk}chmhqh v eoaoa wv wf Fvyopweh vckah zf jyųh}f
Ă
lhckgf qhloųklf v pykbafck pyogfjvyh, bfzojolonkafk zfdckef ogafcak}hcaf pyoafehzh, pyonyhbh k plhco}h w hwpfezh oeolkŨh# Chkbf, cheoc Jkyfezk}f46/77>/GFF o pyogafck vzafghah ch oeolkŨ kq 8;46# nojkcf, wlkafjklh af 8;;9# nojkcf Jkyfezk}h;9/:7/GFF o pyogafck vzafghah ch oeolkŨ,
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kak af owco}ck gkla qhŨzkzh ikoloŨef yhqcolkeowzk chpojyv
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 akbh oj qch
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hah qh FV#O}k pyh}ck hezk kbhlk wv qch
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hahc vzafgha ch hehjfbweob, pyomfwkochlcob k pyogfjvyhlcobplhcv#
pyom# jy# wg# NKO]HCCK GHBPFOL, Hydkzfezocwek mhevlzfz, ]fcfgkah
pyom# jy# wg# NKO]HCCK GHBPFOL, KVH] " Kwzkzvzo Vck}fywkzhyko Hygdkzfzzvyh jk ]fcfqkh 
Fvyopweh jkyfezk}h owzyhzfŨeoa pyogafck vzafghahch oeolkŨ $WPVO+ k dy}hzwehkwevwz}h
Elav
Ă
cf ykaf
Ă
k1
 wzyhzfŨeh pyogafchvzafghah ch oeolkŨ, pojyv
Ă
 ahoj qch
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hah qh FV,Fvyopweh jkyfezk}h, yhqkcfogafcak}hcah, kcjkehzoyk
Lh jkyfzzk}h fvyopfh wvllh }hlvzhqkocf hbikfc" zhlf wzyhzfnkgh $]HW+ f lf fwpfykfcqf gyohzf 
 
Cfowpoych af
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kcafckgh, chkbf, jh af w}fv
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klkŨco oiyhqo}hcaf pocfehj cfwpyfbco pykd}hzkzk Ũkyoevqheocojh}cv hezk}cowz kq pojyv
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 ah oeolkŨh, ponozo}o v jkwgkplkchyckb pojyv
Ă
 akbh
Ă
kak af pyfjbfzkqv
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h}hcah vpyh}lahcaf pyowzoyob, Ũzo wf o
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kzvaf v cfhjfe}hzcoa pykpyfbk hydkzfehzh, kcųfcafyh kpyowzoyckd plhcfyh pyk pyogafck plhco}h k pyoafehzh#Kwzo}yfbfch pykwvzcowz zykav ogafcak}h
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ekd pyogfjvyh ‗ Pyogafch vzafghah ch oeolkŨ $8;46#+, Pyogafchvzafghah ch oeolkŨ $8;;9#+, zf WPVO $9008#+ pyfbh jhzvbv jocoŨfcah ‗ jaflvaf pyklk
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co qivcavav
Ď
fw pyogfjvyhlcon k bfzojoloŨeon hwpfezh# Bonv
Ď
h wv j}h pykwzvph v pykbafck zykav noyf ch}fjfckdogafcak}h
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ekd pyogfjvyh# Py}kb wf pykwzvpob zyk ogafcak}h
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ef pyogfjvyf wbhzyhav whbowzhlckb koj}oafckb hezkbh,
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kbf wf wz}hyhav pyklk
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cf ikyoeyhzwef eobplkehgkaf pyfjkbfcqkockyhcafb oiyhjfogafcak}hcah# Nlh}ck af gkla jyvnon pykwzvph bfzojoloŨeh k pyogfjvyhlch kczfnyhgkah, wlkafjf
Ď
kpykcgkpf hchlkqf k ogafcak}hcah wzhcah oeolkŨh eoak kqkwevav kczfnyhzk}ck pykwzvp ogafcak}h
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ekdbojflh#Pykbafcob pyogfjvyh k bfzojolonkah eoaf
Ď
f ikzk v wzhcav kczfnykyhzk }kŨf ogafcak}h
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ekd yhqkchpowzknlh ik wf chabhcaf j}h ikzch gklah1 hjbkckwzyhzk}co poafjcowzh}lafcaf k wchųch kczfnyhgkahogafcak}h
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ekd pykwzvph,
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kbf ik wf powzknlh }kwoeh wpowoicowz kczfypyfzkyhcah wloųfcf jkchbkefoeolkŨh#V Jkyfezk}k 9008/:9/GF Fvyopweon phylhbfczh k ]kaf
Ď
h oj 9># lkpcah 9008# nojkcf o pyogafckvzafghah ojyf
Ę
fckd plhco}h k pyonyhbh ch ųk}ozcv wyfjkcv, z}yjk wf jh “$8+ U…R polkzkeh Fvyopwefvckaf ch pojyv
Ă
 av oeolkŨh pykjocowk, kqbf
Ę
v owzhlonh, owz}hyk}hcav gklaf}h ojyųh}hcah, qhŨzkzfk poiolaŨhcah e}hlkzfzf oeolkŨh, qhŨzkzk lavjweon qjyh}lah zf yhqioykzob k yhgkochlcob eoykŨzfcavpykyojckd yfwvywh, k boyh ikzk zfbflafch ch ch
Ă
flv opyfqh# Ch zfbflav
Č
lhceh = o}on hezh, w}fpozyfif }fqhcf vq qhŨzkzv oeolkŨh boyhav ikzk vnyh
Ę
fcf v powzh}lahcaf polkzkef k yhjcaf Fvyopwefvckaf, ponozo}o nlfjhav
Ď
k ch pfywpfezk}v pyobkghcah ojyųk}on yhq}oah
8
#‒Qhzkb, jh “$9+ Pfzk pyonyhb Fvyopwef vckaf o polkzkgk k yhjcahbh v eoykwz oeolkŨh k ojyųk}onyhq}oah —Qh zyhack k ojyųk}k yhq}oa‛ U…R poz}y
Ę
vaf }hųcowz ogafcak}hcah bonv
Ď
fn vzafghah plhco}hk pyonyhbh ch oeolkŨ#‒Jkyfezk}h zkbf pykqchaf pozyfiv ogafcak}hcah bonv
Ď
fn vzafghah plhco}h k pyonyhbh ch oeolkŨeheo ik iklk vqfzk v oiqky pyk kqyhjk kwzkd# Chkbf, “$8>+ Kq}afŨ
Ď
f o wzhcav oeolkŨh zf bkŨlafcahqhkczfyfwkyhckd jvųcowckeh k ah}con bckafcah, eho k yfqvlzhzk bf
Ę
vnyhck
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ckd wh}afzo}hcah, boyhlkik ikzk vqfzk v oiqky }f
Ď
eoj pykpyfbf ojyf
Ę
fcon plhch klk pyonyhbh pykaf cafno}on pykd}h
Ď
hcah klkpykaf poeyfzhcah qheocojh}cf pyogfjvyf#‒Wzh}lah wf chnlhwhe ch afjhc jyvnk pyoilfb eoak wf cfykafzeo poah}lavaf eoj qhŨzkzf oeolkŨh, ojcowcoch pyowzoycv jkbfcqkav vzafghah ojyf
Ę
fcon pyonyhbh ch oeolkŨ, eoak af nozo}o cfbonv
Ď
f w}fwzk chcfef hjbkckwzyhzk}cf nyhckgf# Yhjk wf, chkbf, o pyoilfbhzkgk
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kak vzafgha, qion wpfgk
﬈
Ă
cf wzyvezvyfpyowzoycon wvwzh}h, boyh ikzk pyov
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h}hc ch pykelhjhc ch
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kc yhjk eoyfezcon ogafcak}hcah wzhcah kvpyh}lahcah pyowzoyob#Jkyfezk}h kqyk
Ă
kzo wpobkcaf bf
Ę
vnyhck
Ă
ch wv
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flah}hcah, kheo wf pyobhzyhcah zk
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v k pyowzoyhvcvzhy kwzf jyųh}f, hlk poj vpyh}lahcafb yhqlk
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kzkd hjbkckwzyhzk}ckd wviafehzh# “$=+ Yhqlk
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kzkwvwzh}k ogafcak}hcah wzhcah oeolkŨh, eoak wv ch wchqk v jyųh}hbh
Ă
lhckghbh, pojyhqvbkaf}hav k ckqqhafjck
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ekd pyogfjvyhlckd coybk pozyfickd qh powzkqhcaf }kwoef yhqkcf qhŨzkzf oeolkŨh#‒Qhzkb, “$>+ U…R wvwzh}k qh ogafcak}hcaf vzafghah ch oeolkŨ yhqckd plhco}h k pyonyhbh pykbkafcafckdvcvzhy Qhafjckgf, zyfihlk ik pozhecvzk bf
Ę
vjyųh}cf eocqvlzhgkaf veolkeo powzoaf chqchef jh ikpykbafch ojyf
Ę
fcon plhch klk pyonyhbh v pykpyfbk v afjcoa oj jyųh}h
Ă
lhckgh bonlh vzafghzk chwzhcaf oeolkŨh cfef jyvnf jyųh}f
Ă
lhckgf#‒
8
Jkyfezk}h 9008/:9/GFoj 9># lkpcah 9008# oiah}lafchv wlvųifcob lkwzv FViy# L 8;> oj 98# wypcah 9008#
70
   y   h    j    k   o   c    k   g   h
     w     f     b       k     c     h     y       k     o
Hchlkqh yhq}oackd pozfcgkahlh ozoeh
 Kl Pkhco phfwhnnkwzkgo jfll‛kwolh
 
78
Chjhlaf, “$4+ Wzonh af pozyfico kczfy}fckyhzk ch yhqkck Qhafjckgf eheo ik wf powzh}klk bkckbhlckoe}kyk qh ogafcak}hcaf wzhcah oeolkŨh eho zfbfla qh powzh}lahcaf op
Ď
kd pykcgkph wvwzh}h qhogafcak}hcaf vzafghah ch oeolkŨ, pyfpvŨzhav
Ď
k pyk zobf jyųh}hbh
Ă
lhckghbh ojhiky pyogfjvyhlckdjfzhlah k v}hųh}hav
Ď
k pykcgkp wvpwkjkahycowzk#‒Powzoak v Jkyfezk}k aoŨ afjch
Ă
kcafckgh eoah poz}y
Ę
vaf pozyfiv qh zhe}kb ogafcak}hcafb plhco}hk pyonyhbh eoak ik nhyhczkyhlk vwpafŨckaf vpyh}lahcaf pyowzoyob k eoykŨzfcaf yfwvywh# Wzh}lah wfpowfihc chnlhwhe ch }hųcowz vwpowzh}f zkafwcf wvyhjcaf w nowpojhywekb wviafezkbh, ojcowco wpyokq}ojckb w}kafzob, k bonv
Ď
cowz pykbafcf opfyhzk}ckd pykcgkph eoak
Ď
f obonv
Ď
kzk wvyhjcav wockb
Ă
kbifckgkbh yhq}oah eoak wv cfpowyfjco kc}ol}kyhck v pyoilfbhzkev oeolkŨh
9
# 
Owoikcf bojflh wzyhzfŨef pyogafcf vzafghah ch oeolkŨ $WPVO+
 Oiyhjh ogafcak}h
Ă
ekd bojflh feoloŨef ojyųk}owzk pyogfwh pyfchbafcf pyowzoyh cfopdojch afwzonh Ũzo v powzoaf
Ď
oa lkzfyhzvyk cfjowzhav }f
Ď
eocwolkjkyhck ogafcak}h
Ă
ek bojflk qh plhco}f, ifqeoakd ik, jojvŨf, iklo cfbonv
Ď
f hplkgkyhzk powzoaf
Ď
h zfoyfzweh whqchcah#Zhe}k ik bojflk v ikzk zyfihlk }yhzkzk v qchcwz}fcf oe}kyf wzhcaf pyowzoycon wvwzh}h k vpyh}lahcafyfwvywkbh eoak wv pozyfick qh yhq}oa, zyfihlk ik obonv
Ď
kzk bafyfcaf yhqkcf eoykŨzfcah yfwvywh zfvwzhco}kzk nyhckgf wvwzh}h eoj pyvųhcah k yfnfcfykyhcah yfwvywh#O}k ik bojflk zyfihlk, kqbf
Ę
v owzhlonh, wkbvlkyhzk ivjv
Ď
f hlzfychzk}cf wgfchykaf pyk ojhikyvf
﬈
ehwckakd pyogfwh plhckyhcah w feoloŨeon, nowpojhyweon k jyvŨz}fcon hwpfezh, eoak ik iklkvwbafyfck pyfbh ojyųk}owzk yhq}oah k pyogafcak}hck ch zfbflav pyfzdojckd pyfchbafch pyowzoyh#V ikzk ojyųk}owz, ifq oiqkyh ch Ũkyoev phlfzv zfoykawekd jf
﬈
ckgkah eoakbh af opkwk}hch, ckaf aoŨjoųk}aflh opkw w hwpfezh pyhezk
Ă
cf pykbafcf, ph wf wzonh chbf
Ď
f pozyfih qh poco}cob oiyhjobpoabh#Qion cfbonv
Ď
cowzk powzoahcah eoceyfzcon pykbafyh w}foivd}hzcon “ojyųk}on wvwzh}h‒, eyfcvlo wfoj pyfzpowzh}ef jh af ojyųk}owz f}olvzk}ck pyogfw eoak boųf kbhzk cfnhzk}ck klk poqkzk}ck pyfjqche,o}kwco o zobf poiolaŨh}h lk klk ponoyŨh}h feoloŨef, nowpojhywef k jyvŨz}fcf poehqhzflaf, zf afcfopdojco pyoch
Ď
k chapykbafyfckak ch
Ă
kc e}hczk
﬈
ehgkaf#Bojflk zvbh
Ă
fcah pyowzoyckd wvwzh}h boyhav w}heheo ikzk kczfyjkwgkplkchyck, za# zhe}k jh ivjvv wzhcav po}yhzkzk w}f bf
Ę
vwoicf ojcowf k vzafghaf eoak vpyh}lahav eheo feoloŨekb, zheo knowpojhywekb k jyvŨz}fckb pyogfwkbh#V f}olvgkak pyowzoyckd wzvjkah powzho af cfopdojhc afjhc w}foivd}hzck pykwzvp pyowzoyv, v wbkwlvjh kcwzyvbfczk plhckyhcah vzaf
Ă
v, powyfjco klk cfpowyfjco, ch pyobafcf eoj ikozk
Ă
ekd, hikozk
Ă
ekdk lavjwekd
Ă
kbifckeh#Chpyfjckaf zfdckef vyihckwzk
Ă
eon plhckyhcah obonv
Ď
klf wv pykbafcv o}he}on pykwzvph, pyk
Ă
fbv zyfih pozhecvzk w}f polvnf eheo ik “vyihckwzk
Ă
ek chgyzk‒ k “feoloŨek chgyzk‒ jaflo}hlkeooyjkckyhco#V zyfcvzev ehjh wf ųflk wd}hzkzk wloųfcowz ojcowh v pyowzoycob oynhckqbv, poah}lavaf wf owco}ckpyoilfb, ojcowco wloųfcowz hchlkqf k pyogafcf kwzkd v gaflkck# O}he}v ikwbo wkzvhgkav bonlk ykafŨkzkyhŨ
Ă
lhcak}hcafb pyowzoycf wloųfcowzk v }kŨf
Ă
kbifckeh eoak ik iklk pyobhzyhck eyoq afjcowzh}cf kpovqjhcf poehqhzflaf k eoak ik, vbafzckb pvzfb, po}yhzklk pyowzoyck oynhckqhb#V wlv
Ă
hav wzvjkah ch Klo}kev pykbkafcafcf wv bfzojolonkaf k zfdckef pyowzoycon ogafcak}hcah eoaf
9
Po zob pkzhcav jocfwfcfwv jyvnf jkyfezk}f eoaf wfzfbflaf ch zob pykcgkpv, ehocpy# Pyh}klcke o wpoczhcobwvjaflo}hcav v wvwzh}kbhvpyh}lahcah pyowzoyob$iy# >=8/9008 oj 8;# oųvaeh9008# ch “Joiyo}olacopykwzvphcaf oynhckqhgkahwvwzh}v FV feo"vpyh}lahcahk hvjkz $FBHW+‒, oiah}lafcv Wlvųifcob lkwzv YfpvilkefKzhlkaf L# 88: oj 9:# zyh}cah9008#+#
Hchlkqh yhq}oackd pozfcgkahlh ozoeh
 Kl Pkhco phfwhnnkwzkgo jfll‛kwolh
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