Digital Modulation and Signal Processing in ATV

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By

ThomasDean,

KB1JIJ

Amateur

Television

-

Methods

and

Applications

theexactfrequencytohearthetransmit tedvoiceatthecorrectpitch.Whenoper atingvoice,itisacceptabletobeslightly offfrequency,asthespea

ker's

voiceisstillintelligible;however,demodulating avideosignalslightly

of

ffrequencywouldcauseunacceptableproblems.By allowingaportion

of

our

car

riertobe transmitted,thereceivercanaccurately lockontothetransmittedsignalandprop erlydemodulatethesignal. Aswithsingle-sideband,therearegen erallythreemethodstocreateavestigial sideband.Eachmethod

off

ersadvantagesanddisadvantagesdependingonthetype ofsignalmodulatedandthearchitecture ofthesystem.Thethreemethodsthatwill signalisverysimilartoconstructinga single-sidebandsignal.Inthecaseofves tigial-sideband,wearetakingtheentire tyofonesidebandandaportion(vestige) ofanother.Therearetwoprimaryreasons whywedothis.First,atelevisionsignal, unlikeavoicesignal,nearlyneedstheDC componentstoac

cur

atelyreconstructtheimage.Thus,thereisnocleardistinction betweensidebandsanditbecomesvery

dif

ficulttoseparatethem.Asaresult,we takepartofthelowersidebandalongwith theuppersideband.Anotherreasonwe usevestigial-sidebandmodulationisthat itallowsaportionofourcarriersignalto besent.AnyonewhohasoperatedSSB voiceknowsthatitisdifficulttotuneto

FigureI.Avoicesignal,inthetopleft,ismodulatedbyacarrier.One

of

theresult ingsidebandsisselected,andwegetaSSBtransmission.Avideosignal,onthebot tomleft,ismodulatedbyacarrier,butitisnotsosimpletoselectasinglesideband duetothewidebandwidth

of

thevideosignal.Hence,weuseVSB.

DigitalModulationandSignalProcessing

in

ATV

ATV

D

gitalsignalprocessingiscertain lyahottrendinvoicecommuni cations.Analogtelevisioncanbe vastlyimprovedbytheuseofdigitalsig nalprocessing.Therearemanyapplica tion-specificintegratedcircuits(ASICs) available,suchastheAnalogDevices ADV7181,thatallowforanalogsignals tobeconvertedtothedigitaldomainand havepropertiessuchasgammaorhueof thevideobeadjustedorcorrected.Ad ditionally,wecouldeasilyaddanon screendisplayinthedigitaldomain,con vertbetweendifferentvideoformats (NTSC,PAL,SECAM),ortakeavariety ofinputs(Composite,C

omp

onent,SVideo,VGA,etc.).Inall

of

thesecases,nearlyallthework

of

processingandcon vertingcanbeaccomplishedbyasingle chipthathasalreadybeenmanufactured. Oncewegetthesignalintothedigital domain,wecanalsousedigitalmethods tomodulatethesignal.Thishasmany advantages,oneofwhichisflexibility.A nearlyidenticaldigitalsystemcouldbe usedtomodulateananalogsignalora digitalATSCsignal.Thus,wecouldhave asystemthatcouldtakeavariety

of

inputsandgiveusoutputintheform

of

astandardATVsignaloraD-ATVsignal. Anothergreatadvantage

of

digitallymodulatingthesignalisthatitcanreduce thenumberofcomponents,savingboth costandspaceinadesign.

It

isdifficult todealwithadigitalsignalthatcanbe directlyconvertedtothe70-cm(orhigh er)band,asthiswouldrequireclockrates nearingorexceedingIGHz.Instead,we canproducebase-bandsignalsaroundthe rangeof30MHzandthenupconvert themtothedesiredband.Thisalsomakes ourdesignveryeasilyfrequencyagile, whichiswhywetypicallyusebase-band frequencylevelstomodulateanddemod ulateanalogsignals. Televisionusesamodulationmethod call

vestigial-sideband(VSB)modula tion.

Constructingavestigial-sideband

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"e-mail:<Thomas.Deanssusma.edu»

Figure

2.

TheFiltermethod.Asignalismodulatedbyacarrier,andone

of

thesidebandsiseliminatedbyacarrier.Thisisthesimplestmethod

of

creatingSSBorVSB butdoesnotworksowellinthedigitaldomain.

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bedescribedare:thefiltermethod,theHartleymethod,andthe Weavermethod.

Filter

Method

Thefiltermethodisthemethodwithwhichmanyamateurs maybefamiliar,asitisthesimplestandmosteasilyimple mentedinanaloghardware.Inthismethod,thesignalismod ulatedwithabalancedmixer,whichresultsinadouble-side bandsignalwithasuppressedcarrier.Fromherethesignalis passedthroughafilterwhichselectsoneofthesidebandstobe transmitted.Transmittingtelevisionsignalsrequiresveryprecisely definedfilters.Unlikemodulatingavoicesignal,withatele visionsignalwemustfilterboththeupper(tolimittheband widthofthevideosignal)andlower(totransmitonlyapartof thelowersideband)portionsofthesignal.Thus,werequirea band-passfilter.Suchafiltercouldberealizedinmanyways inananalogsystem.

It

iscommoninvideosystemstousesur faceacousticwave(SAW)filters,whicharesomewhatsimilar tomechanicalfiltersinthattheyofferarelativelysmallpack age,sharpcutoffs,andhighefficienciesandstabilities. Thisstraightforwardsystemintroducesaslightproblemin thedigitaldomain.Inordertocreatethenecessaryfilters,we wouldneedtohaveaverylargenumber

of

taps(digitalfilter elements)ataveryhighsamplingrate.Whilethisbrute-force methodmaybepossiblewithahigh-densityFPGA,wecan designasysteminamuchmoreeloquentway.

HartleyMethod

Anothermethodthatcanbeusedtomodulateasingle,orves tigial,sidebandsignalistheHartleymethod.Thismethodis notascommonlyusedinanalogsystems,asitrequiresmatch ingtwosignalscloselyinphaseandamplitudetofullysuppress asideband.InordertomodulateasignalusingtheHartley method,wetaketheoriginalsignalandshiftaversion

of

it90degreesinordertocreateanin-phaseandquadratureversion ofouroriginalsignal.Wethenmixthetwosignalswithanin phaseandquadratureversionofourcarrierandsumtheresult ingsignalstogether.Thiswillresultinasingle-sidebandsig nal(foramathematicaltreatmentoftheHartleymethod,see "TheHartleyModulator"

I).

Inordertocreateavestigial-sidebandsignalusingthis

Figure

3.

TheHartleymethod.Inthismethod,phasing

is

usedtocanceloutone

of

thetwosidebands.Filteringcanbeusedin ordertoachieveVSBratherthanSSB.Thismethod

is

impracticalwithavideosignal,becauseit

is

impossible

to

phasesh

if

tthenearDCcomponents

of

thevideosignal.

a.

d.

e.

Figure

4.

TheWeavermethod.This

is

thepreferredmethodindigitalmodulation.Inthismethodasignal(a)

is

mixedwitha low-frequencycarrierresultingin(b).(b)

is

thenfilteredtogive(c),which

is

mixedwiththeRFcarriertogive(d).Theresult

of

phasingyieldsonlyonesidebandasshownin(e).Thismethod

is

difficult

to

implementintheanalogdomainbutsolvesthe problems

of

thepreviousmethods.

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