\ue000\ue001\ue001
\u0645
/
\u0646\ue000\ue001\ue002\ue003 \u0644\ue000\ue004\u0622
\ue000\ue001\ue001\ue002
\ue000\ue001\ue002\ue003\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue005\ue006\u0627\ue007\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue008\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue00b \u0645\ue003\ue00c\ue00d \u0645\u0627\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue010\u0627
\ue005\ue011\ue001\ue012\ue00f\ue002 \ue013\ue011\ue014\ue015\ue00f\u0622
\ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue014\ue002 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627
\ue013\ue011\ue001\ue006\ue01d
\ue017\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue011\ue00d\ue003\ue01e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue01d
\ue006\u062f\u0648 \ue013\ue011\ue006\ue007\ue01f\ue007\ue019\u0648 \u0629\ue017\ue016\u0648 \ue01d
\u0646\u0625
)
digital spatial data
(
\u2013
\ue013\ue01a\ue001\ue012\ue020 \ue013\ue021\ue01c\ue00b\ue017\ue001\ue002\u0627
\u062a\ue003\ue011\ue01f\u0627\ue008\ue022\u0625
\u2013
\ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue014\ue002 \u0639\u0648\ue017\ue023\ue019 \u064a\u0623 \u062d\ue003\ue012\ue00d \ue000\ue016 \ue000\ue010\ue003\ue010\ue024\u0627 \ue025\ue019\ue003\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue000\u0647
.
\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue026\ue027\u0647 \ue01d
\u0646\u0623 \ue003\ue001\ue020\u0648\ue003\ue028\ue029\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue00b\u0648 \ue003\ue028\ue00a\ue011\ue00a\ue02a\ue00f\ue002 \ue013\ue014\ue011\ue004\ue019 \ue02b\ue011\ue002\ue003\ue010\u0623 \u0639\ue003\ue01c\ue00b\u0627 \ue02b\ue012\ue009 \u0627\ue027\ue002 \u060c\ue02c\ue019\ue02d\ue002\u0627 \ue005\ue019 \ue017\ue001\ue00f\ue02e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue017\ue011\ue011\ue018\ue00f\ue01a\ue002 \ue013\ue004\ue02f\ue003\ue030
)
validate and
update
(
\ue013\ue011\ue014\ue015\ue00b \u064b
\ue003\ue011\ue002\ue003\ue022 \u0645\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue02e\ue00b\u0648 \u060c
GPS
\ue013\ue011\ue002\ue003\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue003\ue028\ue00f\ue031\ue017\ue010\u0648 \ue003\ue028\ue019\u0627\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue010\u0627 \ue013\ue002\ue007\ue028\ue010\u0648 \ue003\ue028\ue00f\ue01d
\ue006\ue008\ue002 \u064b
\u0627\ue017\ue00c\ue00d \ue025\ue032\ue033\ue019 \u0631\ue003\ue011\ue00e\u0622\ue013\ue01a\ue011\ue01a\ue006 \ue013\ue033\ue01a\ue01e\ue00f\ue020 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue034\ue01a\ue031 \u0644\ue007\ue02a\ue00a\ue002\u0627 \ue000\ue016
.
\u0627 \ue026\ue027 \u0647 \u0641\u064f
\ue008\ue028\ue00b
\u0645\ue003\ue00c\ue00d \u0645\u0627\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue010\u0627 \ue013\ue011\ue033\ue011\u0622 \ue035\ue011\ue02f\ue007\ue00b \ue034\ue002\u0625 \ue013\ue002\ue003\ue015\ue001\ue002
GPS
\u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue014\ue002 \ue013\ue019\u0632\ue036\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue005\ue001\ue037 \ue000\ue016
\ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627
.
\ue013\ue019\ue008\ue015\ue019
\ue034\ue002 \u0625 \u064b
\u0627\ue008\u0647\ue003\ue037 \ue034\ue004\ue02e\ue009 \ue038\ue011\ue022 \u061b\ue039\ue00b\ue003\ue011\ue022 \u0645\ue003\ue00c\ue00d \ue000\ue016\u0648 \u0646\ue003\ue02e\ue00d\ue03a\u0627 \ue017\ue011\ue01e\ue033\ue00b \ue000\ue016 \u0633\ue007\ue001\ue01a\ue019 \ue017\ue011\ue011\ue018\ue00b \ue034\ue002\u0625 \u062a\ue01d
\u062f\u0623 \ue013\ue029\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue011\ue014\ue015\ue03b
\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \u0646\u0623 \ue03c\ue03d\ue03e
\u0648 \u064b
\u060c\ue003\ue01c\ue03f\ue003\ue040 \u0646\ue007\ue01e\ue011\ue002 \ue026\u0631\u0627\ue017\ue006 \u0630\ue003\ue00e\ue00b\u0627 \ue01b\ue031\ue008\ue00b \u064d
\u0629\u0631\ue03b
\ue007\ue021\ue00f\ue019 \ue02b\ue011\ue002\ue003\ue010\u0623 \u062f\ue003\ue001\ue00f\ue031\u0627
\ue02c\ue031 \ue013\ue011\ue016\ue003\u0622 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue019 \ue034\ue01a\ue031 \u0644\ue007\ue02a\ue00a\ue002\u0627 \ue02c\ue019 \ue039\ue014\ue03b
\ue01e\ue001\ue00b\ue02c\ue01e\ue001\ue019 \ue041\ue006\u0648 \u0639\ue017\ue010\ue042\ue020\u0648 \ue013\ue011\ue002\ue003\ue031 \ue013\ue01d
\ue006\ue008\ue020 \ue003\ue019 \ue013\ue002\ue042\ue02e\ue019 \u0644\ue007\ue022 \ue039\ue001\ue028\ue009 \u0631\ue003\ue02e\ue033\ue00f\ue010\u0627
.
\ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue00d \ue017\ue01c\ue00f\ue004\u064f
\ue00b
)
GIS
(
\ue03e\u0625 \u060c\ue03c\ue01a\ue00b \ue039\ue00b\ue003\ue009\ue003\ue043 \ue044\ue011\ue015\ue00a\ue00b \ue007\ue00a\ue00d \u0646\ue003\ue02e\ue00d\ue03a\ue003\ue020 \ue025\ue02a\ue00b \ue000\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue029\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue011\ue014\ue015\ue03b
\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \ue02c\ue019
\ue002\u0627 \ue026\ue027\u0647 \u0631\ue003\ue001\ue029\ue00f\ue010\ue03e \ue013\ue019\u0632\ue036\ue002\u0627 \ue017\ue040\ue003\ue014\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue016\ue003\u0622 \ue025\ue019\ue003\ue01e\ue00b \ue02c\ue019 \ue01d
\ue008\ue020\ue03e \ue039\ue01d\ue00d\u0623
\ue01b\ue011\ue01a\ue02e\ue002\u0627\u0648 \ue035\ue011\ue00a\ue02a\ue002\u0627 \ue039\ue037\ue007\ue002\u0627 \ue034\ue01a\ue031 \ue013\ue011\ue014\ue015\ue03b
\ue00f
.
\ue000\ue002\ue045\u0627 \ue02b\ue010\ue003\ue00a\ue002\u0627 \u0645\ue007\ue01a\ue031 \u0645\ue008\ue015\ue00f\ue002 \u064b
\u0627\ue017\ue00c\ue00d \ue013\ue004\ue009\ue017\ue010\u0648 \u0629\ue017\ue011\ue01c\u0622 \u062a\u0627\u0631\ue007\ue021\ue00b \u0629\ue017\ue011\ue030\ue024\u0627 \u062a\u0627\ue007\ue014\ue01d
\ue02e\ue002\u0627 \ue000\ue016 \ue013\ue011\ue022\ue003\ue02e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u0645\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue008\ue028\ue03d \ue008\ue015\ue002
\ue000\ue001\ue002\ue003\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue005\ue006\u0627\ue007\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue008\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue00b \u0645\ue003\ue00c\ue00d \u0645\u0627\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue010\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\ue007\ue021\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \ue026\ue027\u0647 \ue01b\u0647\u0623 \ue02c\ue019\u0648 \u060c\ue013\ue011\ue031\ue003\ue014\ue02a\ue002\u0627 \u0631\ue003\ue001\ue006\ue024\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue00d\u0648
)
global
positioning system GPS
(
\u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue00d\u0648
\ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627
)
geographic information
systems
GIS
(
\ue013\ue00d\u0631\ue003\ue015\ue019 \ue013\ue032\ue033\ue00e\ue014\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue046\ue011\ue002\ue003\ue01e\ue01d
\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0642\ue017\ue021\ue002\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0623\u0648 \u0639\ue017\ue010\u0623 \ue02c\ue019 \u0646\ue003\ue00f\ue011\ue014\ue015\ue03b
\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \u0646\ue003\ue00b\ue003\u0647 \ue017\ue01c\ue00f\ue004\ue00b\u0648 \u060c
\ue013\ue011\ue01e\ue011\ue010\ue036\ue01e\ue002\u0627 \u0642\ue017\ue021\ue002\ue003\ue020 \ue047\ue03f\u0627\ue017\ue00e\ue002\u0627 \ue025\ue001\ue031 \u0644\u0648\ue003\ue014\ue00b\u0648 \ue013\ue009\ue02d\ue009\u062f\ue007\ue011\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue010\ue003\ue011\ue015\ue002\ue003\ue020
.
\u062a\ue003\ue011\ue012\ue019\ue017\ue01c\ue002\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0627\ue02d\ue011\ue028\ue012\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \ue02c\ue019 \ue013\ue031\ue007\ue001\ue012\ue019 \ue003\ue028\ue00d\ue042\ue020 \ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue00d \u0641\ue01d
\ue017\ue004\u064f
\ue00b
)
hardware and
software
(
\u0630\ue003\ue00e\ue00b\u0627 \ue000\ue016 \u0629\ue008\ue031\ue003\ue02e\ue001\ue01a\ue002 \ue013\ue011\ue001\ue006\ue017\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue011\ue00d\ue003\ue01e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue011\ue021\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue025\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue00b\u0648 \ue013\ue012\ue002\ue003\ue004\ue019\u0648 \u062c\u0627\ue017\ue00e\ue00f\ue010\u0627\u0648 \ue02c\ue009\ue02d\ue00e\ue00f\ue002 \ue013\ue001\ue001\ue02a\ue001\ue002\u0627
\ue025\ue01e\ue023\ue002\u0627 \ue02c\ue011\ue01c\ue009 \ue003\ue001\u0622 \u060c\ue025\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \u0627\ue027\u0647 \u0621\ue007\ue02f \ue034\ue01a\ue031 \ue02b\ue010\ue003\ue014\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u0631\u0627\ue017\ue015\ue002\u0627
)
1
.(
\ue000\ue001\ue001
\u0645
/
\u0646\ue000\ue001\ue002\ue003 \u0644\ue000\ue004\u0622
\ue000\ue001\ue001\ue002
\ue025\ue01e\ue023\ue002\u0627
)
1
:(
\u0631\u0627\ue017\ue015\ue002\u0627 \ue005\ue014\ue040\u0648 \ue003\ue028\ue01a\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue00b\u0648 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue005\ue001\ue037 \u062a\u0627\ue007\ue021\ue030
\u0646\u0623 \ue02b\ue012\ue009 \ue000\ue00f\ue01d
\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue011\ue02e\ue011\ue03f\ue01d
\ue017\ue002\u0627 \ue017\ue040\ue003\ue014\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue01d
\u0646\u0625
\ue000\u0647 \ue044\ue011\ue01c\ue021\ue00b \u064a\ue024 \ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue00d \ue003\ue028\ue011\ue021\ue018\ue00b
:
\u2022
\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue005\ue011\ue001\ue012\ue00b
)
data acquisition
:(
\u0639\u0648\ue017\ue023\ue001\ue002\ue003\ue020 \ue013\ue040\ue003\ue00e\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue025\ue011\ue02a\ue00a\ue00b\u0648 \ue008\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue00b \ue007\u0647\u0648
\u062a\u0627\u0621\u0627\ue017\ue037\ue03a\u0627 \ue02c\ue019 \ue008\ue009\ue008\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue034\ue01a\ue031 \u064a\ue007\ue00f\ue00a\ue009 \ue026\u0631\u0648\ue008\ue020 \u0627\ue027\u0647\u0648 \ue026\ue027\ue011\ue033\ue014\ue00b \ue005\ue019\ue02d\ue001\ue002\u0627
.
\u2022
\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue02d\ue011\ue028\ue012\ue00b
)
data preprocessing
:(
\ue003\ue028\ue002\ue003\ue030\u062f\ue03a \ue013\ue015\ue03f\ue03e \u0629\u0631\ue007\ue02a\ue020 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue02b\ue011\ue00b\ue017\ue00b \ue000\u0647\u0648
\ue000\ue016
\u0639\u0648\ue017\ue023\ue001\ue002\u0627
.
\u2022
\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \u0629\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0625
)
data management
:(
\ue034\ue002 \u0625 \u064b
\ue013\ue016\ue003\ue02f\u0625 \u060c\ue003\ue028\ue011\ue002\u0625 \u0644\ue007\ue030\ue048
\ue008\ue002\u0627\u0648 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \u0629\ue008\ue031\ue003\ue006 \ue02c\ue009\ue007\ue01e\ue00b \u064a\u0623
\ue003\ue028\ue029\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue00b
.
\u2022
\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue025\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue00b\u0648 \ue01b\ue011\ue00c\ue014\ue00b
)
data manipulation and analysis
:(
\ue02b\ue011\ue00b\ue017\ue00b \u0629\u062f\ue003\ue031\u0625 \ue025\ue03b
\ue029\ue001\ue00b\u0648
\u0629\ue008\ue009\ue008\ue037 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue019 \ue034\ue01a\ue031 \u0644\ue007\ue02a\ue00a\ue01a\ue002 \ue003\ue028\ue01a\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue00b\u0648 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627
.
\u2022
\ue000\ue03f\ue003\ue028\ue03b
\ue014\ue002\u0627 \ue049\ue00f\ue014\ue001\ue002\u0627
)
product generation
:(
\u062a\ue003\ue011\ue01a\ue001\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue049\ue03f\ue003\ue00f\ue00d \ue039\ue020 \ue017\ue028\ue00c\ue00b \u064a\ue027\ue01d
\ue002\u0627 \ue025\ue01e\ue01d
\ue023\ue002\u0627 \ue034\ue014\ue004\ue001\ue020
\ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue00d \u0645\u0627\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue010\ue03e \u064b
\u0629\ue008\ue011\ue002\u0648 \u062a\u0621\ue003\ue037 \ue000\ue00f\ue01d
\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue015\ue020\ue003\ue01d
\ue02e\ue002\u0627
.
\ue034\ue002\u0625 \ue01b\ue02e\ue015\u064f
\ue00b \ue038\ue011\ue022 \ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue014\ue002 \ue04a\ue020\ue003\ue01d
\ue014\ue002\u0627 \ue02b\ue01a\ue015\ue002\u0627 \ue003\ue028\ue01d
\ue00d\ue042\ue020 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue046\ue040\ue007\u064f
\ue00b
:
\u2022
\ue013\ue011\ue00d\ue003\ue01e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627
)
spatial data
:(
\u0627\ue008\ue022\u0625 \ue013\ue01a\ue001\ue012\ue020 \ue013\ue021\ue01c\ue00b\ue017\ue019 \u0646\ue007\ue01e\ue00b
\ue013\ue009\ue007\ue00f\ue02e\ue019 \u0648\u0623 \ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue037 \u062a\ue003\ue011\ue01f
\ue013\ue011\ue01a\ue015\ue00a\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue010\ue003\ue011\ue015\ue002\u0627 \u0648\u0623 \ue013\ue009\ue007\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u0631\ue007\ue048
\ue02a\ue002\u0627 \u0648\u0623 \ue047\ue03f\u0627\ue017\ue00e\ue002\u0627 \ue003\u0647\u0631\ue008\ue02a\ue019\u0648
.
\u2022
\ue013\ue011\ue02f\ue017\ue018\ue002\u0627 \u0648\u0623 \ue013\ue011\ue033\ue040\ue007\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627
)
attribute or thematic
data
:(
\ue044\ue03f\ue003\ue015\ue00a\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue033\ue040 \ue02c\ue031 \ue017\u0651
\u064e
\ue01c\ue004\u064f
\ue00b
\u0629\u062f\ue01d
\ue008\ue00a\u064f
\ue019 \u0644\u0648\u0627\ue008\ue037 \ue02c\ue001\ue02f \ue044\ue02e\ue014\ue00b\u0648 \ue013\ue011\ue00d\ue003\ue01e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\ue003\ue020 \ue013\ue021\ue01c\ue00b\ue017\ue019 \ue000\u0647\u0648
.
\ue025\ue01e\ue01d
\ue023\ue002\u0627 \ue025\ue03b
\ue029\ue001\u064f
\ue009
)
2
(
\u0629\u0631\ue007\u0622\ue027\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u0639\u0627\ue007\ue00d\ue024\u0627
\ue01a\ue002
\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c
.
\ue000\ue001\ue001
\u0645
/
\u0646\ue000\ue001\ue002\ue003 \u0644\ue000\ue004\u0622
\ue000\ue001\ue001\ue002
\ue025\ue01e\ue023\ue002\u0627
)
2
:(
\ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue01b\ue00c\ue00d \ue000\ue016 \ue013\ue019\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue02e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \u0639\u0627\ue007\ue00d\u0623
\ue013\ue011\ue002\ue003\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\ue003\ue02e\ue033\ue00f\ue010\ue03e\u0627 \ue02c\ue031 \ue013\ue015\ue011\ue006\u064e
\ue008\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue020\ue003\ue037\ue03a\u0627 \u0631\u0627\ue008\ue015\ue001\ue020 \ue01b\ue00f\ue009 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue026\ue027\ue028\ue002 \ue01b\ue011\ue01a\ue02e\ue002\u0627 \u0631\ue003\ue011\ue00f\ue030\ue03e\u0627 \u0646\u0625
:
\u2022
\u061f\ue039\u064f
\ue01a\ue004\ue016 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue02c\ue019 \u064f
\u062f\u0627\ue017\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue003\ue019
\u2022
\u061f\ue003\u0647\ue008\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue00b \u0628\ue007\ue01a\ue021\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue011\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \ue04b\ue03f\ue003\ue02a\ue00e\ue002\u0627 \ue003\ue019
\u2022
\ue04b\ue03f\ue003\ue02a\ue00e\ue002\u0627 \ue03c\ue01a\ue00b \u062a\ue003\ue033\ue040 \ue003\ue019
\u061f\ue013\ue020\ue007\ue01a\ue021\ue001\ue002\u0627
\u2022
\u061f\ue013\ue015\ue021\ue014\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u0630\ue007\ue033\ue014\ue002 \ue000\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u062f\u0627\ue008\ue00f\ue019\ue03e\u0627 \ue003\ue019
\u2022
\u061f\ue013\ue015\ue021\ue014\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u0630\ue007\ue033\ue00d \ue02c\ue001\ue02f \ue026\u0631\ue003\ue01c\ue00f\ue030\u0627 \u062f\u0627\ue017\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue000\ue016\u0627\ue017\ue018\ue012\ue002\u0627 \u0649\ue007\ue00f\ue02e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue003\ue019
\u2022
\u061f\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue01a\ue002 \u0645\ue003\ue004\ue002\u0627 \ue026\ue003\ue012\ue00b\ue03e\u0627 \u0646\ue007\ue01e\ue009 \u0646\u0623 \ue02b\ue012\ue009 \ue046\ue011\u0622
\u2022
\u061f\ue013\ue019\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue02e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue025\ue011\ue018\ue023\ue01d
\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \ue013\ue04c\ue011\ue020 \u0639\ue007\ue00d \ue003\ue019
\u2022
\ue049\ue019\ue003\ue00d\ue017\ue020 \ue007\u0647 \ue003\ue019
GIS
\u061f\u0645\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue02e\ue001\ue002\u0627
\u2022
\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue034\ue002\u0625 \u0644\ue007\ue030\ue008\ue002\ue003\ue020 \ue01b\ue028\ue002 \u062d\ue007\ue001\ue02e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue02c\ue011\ue019\ue008\ue00e\ue00f\ue02e\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u062f\ue008\ue031 \ue01b\u0622
\u061f
\u2022
\u061f\u062a\ue003\ue019\ue007\ue01a\ue004\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u062c\ue003\ue00f\ue00a\u064f
\ue00b \ue034\ue00f\ue019
\u2022
\u061f\u0631\u0627\ue017\ue01e\ue03b
\ue00f\ue002\u0627 \ue003\ue019 \ue03c\ue002\ue027\u0622 \u0646\ue003\u0622 \u0627\u0630\u0625\u0648 \u064b
\ue003\ue009\u0631\u0648\u062f \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue038\ue009\ue008\ue00a\ue00b \ue02b\ue01a\ue021\ue009 \ue025\u0647
\u2022
\u061f\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue01a\ue002 \ue039\ue02e\ue033\ue00d \ue017\ue03d\ue003\ue014\ue002\u0627 \ue025\ue01c\ue006 \ue02c\ue019 \ue003\ue028\ue020 \u062d\u064e
\ue017\ue02a\u064f
\ue009 \u0646\u0623 \ue02c\ue01e\ue001\ue009 \ue013\ue01a\ue01f\ue003\ue001\ue00f\ue001\ue002\u0627 \u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue02c\ue019 \u064a\u0623
\u2022
\u061f\ue03c\ue002\u0630 \ue008\ue004\ue020 \ue039\ue004\ue011\ue010\ue007\ue00b \ue01b\ue01f \ue017\ue018\ue02a\ue019 \u062c\u0630\ue007\ue001\ue014\ue020 \u0621\ue008\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \u0628\ue007\ue01a\ue021\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue025\u0647
\u2022
\u061f\u062a\ue003\ue00d\ue003\ue011\ue01c\ue002\u0627 \ue02c\ue019 \u0629\u0630\ue007\ue030\ue042\ue019 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\ue008\ue040\u0625 \ue017\ue023\ue00d \u0628\ue007\ue01a\ue021\ue001\ue002\u0627 \ue025\u0647
of 00
كمال سلطان ...استخدام نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي كتقنية لتجميع
130 Reads
Info and Rating
| Category: | Uncategorized. |
| Rating: | |
| Upload Date: | 12/03/2009 |
| Copyright: | Attribution Non-commercial |
| Tags: |
Leave a Comment