ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Kinh hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Khu T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Choang, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 56 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. Nh\u1eb1m g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Kinh \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00edch d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 "D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Kinh\u201d[1] trong quy\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1eed[2] , c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 S\u1eed h\u1ecdc V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Quang, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u00e2n Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0: B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00edch

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n
t\u1ed9c Kinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00e1ch
quan chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng tham kh\u1ea3o. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1
d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Kinh \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi
s\u1ed1ng, phong t\u1ee5c, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng... c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i
g\u1ea7n 500 n\u0103m qua.

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi Minh, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed3 S\u01a1n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam di c\u01b0 sang \u0111\u1ea5t Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u00f3m
ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9c Kinh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t.
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam\u201d; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u00eau[ 7] , ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dao th\u00ec
g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Giao Ch\u1ec9\u201d.[ 8]

V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ed9c Kinh, hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, \u201ctrong
ti\u1ebfng Kinh c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Khmer m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed9c Kinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c M\u00f4n-
Khmer\u201d[ 9] L\u00fd Can Ph\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ed9c Kinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1ed9c
B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7ng Australoid-
Negroid.[ 10] \u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ed9c Kinh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c
ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb t\u1ed9c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t.[ 11] T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3Trung Nam B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Kinh
ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 t\u1ed9c \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t, L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t trong d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d[12] TrongTrung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i

ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh... h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, sau d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1
ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 XIX th\u00ec \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00f5i Nam.\u201d Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u2013 chuy\u00ean gia
nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u2013 cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cD\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t (t\u1ed9c Kinh)
thu\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi c\u1ee7a B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng tam
gi\u00e1c ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t; \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II, III tr. CN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Trung v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 du
s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc[ 13] , g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n.\u201d Sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh
ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh hi\u1ec7n nay. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 969[ 14] , (h\u1ecd) d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t.\u201d[ 15]

Thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp 3 qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Nam. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c M\u00f4n-Khmer l\u00e0 l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng; trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c giao chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4n-Khmer b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a b\u1edfi t\u1ed9c Kinh v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Trong ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Kinh c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4n-Khmer l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u1eb7c theo ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh.[ 16]

Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng L\u00fd Can Ph\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1edfi nh\u00ecn theo g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed5 Nh\u00e2n
lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec t\u1eeb sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 2 t\u1edbi nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 C\u1ed5 Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c
ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng: t\u1eeb Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3n Java \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Soloensis v\u00e0
ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wadjakensis[ 17] ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Australoid-Negroid; c\u00f2n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u1ee3n B\u1eafc
Kinh[ 18] \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u01a1n \u0110\u00ednh \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mongoloid.[19]

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5, ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Australoid-Negroid s\u01a1 khai, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o
Malaysia v\u00e0 Australia; sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng qua \u201cchi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba\u201d m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o
\u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. C\u0169ng trong l\u00fac \u1ea5y, ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mongoloid kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u1eeb ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111i v\u1ec1 Nam;
ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Australoid-Negroid m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc
s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 dung h\u1ee3p.[ 20] \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn
l\u00e0: \u201cV\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 C\u0169, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Kinh ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Melanesia;
\u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mongoloid \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi
Melanesia ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh.\u201d[ 21]

C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed9c Kinh t\u1eeb L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u00ec d\u1ec5 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 coi Gi\u00e1p r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4t, \u1ea4t r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00ednh, B\u00ednh r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110inh \u1eaft s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 quay l\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1p. V\u1eady m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean t\u1ed9c Kinh t\u1eebng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p thu c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4n-Khmer v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch. Ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5p thu t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00e1c nhau (tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3), \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X v\u1ec1 sau th\u00ec t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.

th\u00e0nh \u0110am Nh\u0129, Ch\u00e2u Nhai, Nam H\u1ea3i, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00f4, U\u1ea5t L\u00e2m, H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1, Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n,
Nh\u1eadt Nam, g\u1ed3m 9 qu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1eb7t Giao Ch\u00e2u Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh. H\u1eadu H\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7t Giao Ch\u00e2u; T\u1ea5n, T\u1ed1ng,
T\u1ec1 c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f9y d\u1eb9p Tr\u1ea7n, b\u1ecf qu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2u; [T\u00f9y] D\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ecf ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1eb7t
qu\u1eadn. Kho\u1ea3ng ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u V\u00f5 \u0111\u1ebf [nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng] \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0m Giao ch\u00e2u T\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee7; kho\u1ea3ng ni\u00eau
hi\u1ec7u Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c [nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng] \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0m An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7. Ni\u00eau hi\u1ec7u Ch\u00ednh Ninh [nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng-
Chu], th\u1ed5 h\u00e0o Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i\u201d[ 23] . \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 di\u00ean
c\u00e1ch trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u1ec9, d\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c
gia c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u0169ng v\u1eeba l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf sau, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o
\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf.

Xem th\u1ea5y c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n-H\u00e1n v\u1ed1n theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a
v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Trung nguy\u00ean[ 24] ; tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ec9a l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n; cai qu\u1ea3n L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c
h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u1ee5y-T\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 sau, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c khu L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Li\u00eau[ 25] ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi L\u1ea1c
Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 679, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eadp An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u1ec9, d\u00e2n th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi An
Nam. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u1ea5y, t\u1ed9c Kinh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang \u1edf trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p.

B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX, nh\u00e2n l\u00fac th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng suy y\u1ebfu, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf An Nam b\u1eaft
\u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 906, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 An Nam Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 nh\u00e2n l\u00fac nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp
l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9[ 26] . N\u0103m 939, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh An Nam l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nam H\u00e1n \u1edf
s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u Ng\u00f4, \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f4 C\u1ed5 Loa, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.
N\u0103m 968, \u0110inh B\u1ed9 L\u0129nh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c phong ki\u1ebfn, x\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ebf \u1edf Hoa L\u01b0, l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3
Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 979, cha con \u0110inh B\u1ed9 L\u0129nh b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, T\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n L\u00ea
Ho\u00e0n l\u00ean thay, l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea (980-1009), s\u1eed g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea. Tri\u1ec1u Ng\u00f4, tri\u1ec1u \u0110inh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u
[Ti\u1ec1n] L\u00ea c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1m \u0111\u1eddi vua, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 70 n\u0103m, An Nam b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tho\u00e1t ly v\u01b0\u01a1ng
tri\u1ec1u Trung nguy\u00ean. N\u0103m 1009, \u0110i\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea l\u00e0 L\u00fd C\u00f4ng U\u1ea9n l\u00ean ng\u00f4i
\u0110\u1ebf, m\u1edf ra nh\u00e0 L\u00fd, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m (1009-1225). Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u00e0 L\u00fd \u1ed5n
\u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ed9c Kinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t-Li\u00eau
l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Champa; b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4n-Khmer v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf
ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n.

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1ed9c Kinh h\u1ea5p thu t\u1ed9c Ch\u0103m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn
tranh. Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ghi l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n: n\u0103m 982, L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng h\u00e3m th\u1ee7
\u0111\u00f4 Champa, chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y 3 ch\u00e2u: B\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh, \u0110\u1ecba L\u00fd v\u00e0 Ma Linh (nay l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00eda
B\u1eafc t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, Vi\u1ec7t Nam). N\u0103m 1312[27] , Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng h\u00e3m Champa, b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i
l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c[ 28] . N\u0103m 1471, L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng h\u00e3m kinh th\u00e0nh Champa, thu
Chi\u00eam \u0110\u1ed9ng, C\u1ed5 L\u0169y \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m Qu\u1ea3ng Nam \u0110\u1ea1o; sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1697 thi di\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc
Champa, khi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay. Trong
qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ed9c Kinh. Do v\u1eady, gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i:
\u201cT\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u1ec1 sau, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong xu th\u1ebf Nam ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ea5p thu h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t
v\u00f9ng (ch\u1ec9 Champa \u2013 t\u1ee9c L\u00e2m \u1ea4p th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n-H\u00e1n) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n.[ 29] \u201d Nh\u01b0
ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m, th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f5ng ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n d\u00e2n b\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t
Nam[ 30] ; bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ebft v\u1eady? \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a
v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c Kinh.

T\u1ed9c Kinh c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer t\u1eebng ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 Ph\u00f9 Nam, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p; trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eebng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t Champa, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV v\u1ec1 sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt b\u1ecb An Nam dung k\u1ebf t\u00e0m th\u1ef1c[ 31] \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm[ 32] . N\u0103m 1658, Ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm M\u1ed7i Tu\u1ec7

T\u1ed9c Kinh dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c H\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n-H\u00e1n: quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n sang \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y Giao Ch\u1ec9, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3...