• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • CommentGo Back
Download
 
COLLINS COBUILDCOLLINS Birmingham University International Language DatabaseENGLISH GRAMMARCOLLINS PUBLISHERSTHE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAMCOLLINS London and GlasgowCollins ELT8 Grafton StreetLondon W1X 3LACOBUILD is a trademark of William Collins Sons & Co Ltd©William Collins Sons & Co Ltd 1990First published 199010 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Alt rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publisher.ISBN 0 00 370257 X PaperbackISBN 0 00 375025 6 CasedPrinted and bound in Great Britain by Richard Clay Ltd, Bungay, SuffolkNOTE Entered words that we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have beendesignated as such. However, neither the presence nor absence of such designation should belrAfyed as affecting the legal status of any trademark.
Contents
Contents ..................................................................................................................... 1Editorial team 6Introduction 7Note on Examples 11Guide to the Use of the Grammar 12Glossary of grammatical terms 14Cobuild Grammar Chart 22Contents of Chapter 1 ............................................................................................... 231 Referring to people and things ............................................................................... 28Introduction to the noun group 28Identifying people and things: nouns 30Things which can be counted: count nouns 30Things not usually counted: uncount nouns 32When there is only one of something: singular nouns 34Referring to more than one thing: plural nouns 36Referring to groups: collective nouns 38Referring to people and things by name: proper nouns 39Nouns which are rarely used alone 40Sharing the same quality: adjectives as headwords 41Nouns referring to males or females 42Referring to activities and processes: '-ing' nouns 43Specifying more exactly: compound nouns 44Referring to people and things without naming them: pronouns 46Referring to people and things: personal pronouns 46Mentioning possession: possessive pronouns 49Referring back to the subject: reflexive pronouns 49Referring to a particular person or thing: demonstrative pronouns 51Referring to people and things in a general way: indefinite pronouns 51
1
 
Showing that two people do the same thing: reciprocal pronouns 53Joining clauses together: relative pronouns 54Asking questions: interrogative pronouns 55Other pronouns 55Identifying what you are talking about: determiners 56The specific way: using 'the'57The specific way: using 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those'60The specific way: using possessive determiners 61The general way 63The general way: using 'a' and 'an'64The general way: other determiners 65Contents of Chapter 2 ............................................................................................... 692 Giving information about people and things ........................................................... 74Introduction 74Describing things: adjectives 74Information focusing: adjective structures 75Identifying qualities: qualitative adjectives 76Identifying the class that something belongs to: classifying adjectives 77Identifying colours: colour adjectives 78Showing strong feelings: emphasizing adjectives 79Making the reference more precise: postdeterminers 79Special classes of adjectives 80Position of adjectives in noun groups 82Special forms: '-ing' adjectives 84Special forms: '-ed' adjectives 85Compound adjectives 88Comparing things: comparatives 90Comparing things: superlatives 91Other ways of comparing things: saying that things are similar 93Indicating different amounts of a quality: submodifiers 95Indicating the degree of difference: submodifiers in comparison 99Modifying using nouns: noun modifiers 101Indicating possession or association: possessive structures 102Indicating close connection: apostrophe s ('s) 103Other structures with apostrophe s ('s) 103Talking about quantities and amounts 104Talking about amounts of things: quantifiers 104Talking about amounts of things: partitives 107Referring to an exact number of things: numbers 110Referring to the number of things: cardinal numbers 111Referring to things in a sequence: ordinal numbers 113Referring to an exact part of something: fractions 114Talking about measurements 116Talking about age 117Approximate amounts and measurements 118Expanding the noun group: qualifiers 120Nouns with prepositional phrases 120Nouns with adjectives 123Nouns with non-finite clauses 124Contents of Chapter 3 ............................................................................................. 1253 Making a message ................................................................................................ 130Indicating how many participants are involved: transitivity 130Talking about events which involve only the subject: intransitive verbs 131Involving someone or something other than the subject: transitive verbs 134Verbs where the object refers back to the subject: reflexive verbs 136Verbs with little meaning: delexical verbs 137Verbs which can be used in both intransitive and transitive clauses 141Verbs which can take an object or a prepositional phrase 143Changing your focus by changing the subject: ergative verbs 143
2
 
Verbs which involve people doing the same thing to each other: reciprocal verbs 145Verbs which can have two objects: ditransitive verbs 146Extending or changing the meaning of a verb: phrasal verbs 148Verbs which consist of two words: compound verbs 155Describing and identifying things: complementation 156Describing things: adjectives as complements of link verbs 157Saying that one thing is another thing: noun groups as complements of link verbs 158Commenting: 'to'-infinitive clauses after complements 159Describing as well as talking about an action: other verbs with complements 160Describing the object of a verb: object complements 161Describing something in other ways: adjuncts instead of complements 163Indicating what role something has or how it is perceived: the preposition 'as'163Talking about closely linked actions: using two verbs together in phase 164Talking about two actions done by the same person: phase verbs together 165Talking about two actions done by different people: phase verbs separated by anobject 167Contents of Chapter 4 ............................................................................................. 1704 Varying the message ............................................................................................ 175Statements, questions, orders, and suggestions 175Making statements: the declarative mood 176Asking questions: the interrogative mood 176'Yes/no'-questions 177'Wh'-questions 178Telling someone to do something: the imperative mood 181Other uses of moods 182Negation 183Forming negative statements 183Forming negative statements: negative affixes 188Forming negative statements: broad negatives 189Emphasizing the negative aspect of a statement 190Using modals 191The main uses of modals 191Special features of modals 192Referring to time 193Indicating possibility 194Indicating ability 194Indicating likelihood 195Indicating permission 197Indicating unacceptability 198Interacting with other people 198Giving instructions and making requests 199Making an offer or an invitation 200Making suggestions 201Stating an intention 202Indicating unwillingness or refusal202Expressing a wish 203Indicating importance 204Introducing what you are going to say 204Expressions used instead of modals 205Semi-modals 207Contents of Chapter 5 ............................................................................................. 2095 Expressing time ................................................................................................... 214Introduction 214The present 215The present in general: the simple present 215Accent on the present: the present continuous 216Emphasizing time in the present: using adjuncts 216The past 217Stating a definite time in the past: the simple past 217
3
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...