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Fundamentals of Image Processing
Ian T. Young
Jan J. Gerbrands
Lucas J. van Vliet
CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG
Young, Ian Theodore
Gerbrands, Jan Jacob
Van Vliet, Lucas Jozef
FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGE PROCESSING
ISBN 90\u201375691\u201301\u20137
NUGI 841
Subject headings: Digital Image Processing / Digital Image Analysis

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means\u2014electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise\u2014without the prior written permission of the authors.

Version 2.2
Copyright \u00a9 1995, 1997, 1998 by I.T. Young, J.J. Gerbrands and L.J. van Vliet
Cover design: I.T. Young
Printed in The Netherlands at the Delft University of Technology.
Fundamentals of Image Processing

1. Introduction..............................................1 2. Digital Image Definitions.........................2 3. Tools........................................................6 4. Perception...............................................22 5. Image Sampling.....................................28 6. Noise......................................................32 7. Cameras.................................................35 8. Displays.................................................44

Ian T. Young
9. Algorithms.............................................44
Jan J. Gerbrands
10. Techniques.............................................85
Lucas J. van Vliet
11. Acknowledgments...............................108
Delft University of Technology
12. References............................................108
1. Introduction

Modern digital technology has made it possible to manipulate multi-dimensional signals with systems that range from simple digital circuits to advanced parallel computers. The goal of this manipulation can be divided into three categories:

\u2022 Image Processing
image in\u2192 image out
\u2022 Image Analysis
image in\u2192 measurements out
\u2022 Image Understanding
image in\u2192 high-level description out
We will focus on the fundamental concepts of image processing. Space does not
permit us to make more than a few introductory remarks about image analysis.
Image understanding requires an approach that differs fundamentally from the

theme of this book. Further, we will restrict ourselves to two\u2013dimensional (2D) image processing although most of the concepts and techniques that are to be described can be extended easily to three or more dimensions. Readers interested in either greater detail than presented here or in other aspects of image processing are referred to [1-10]

We begin with certain basic definitions. An image defined in the \u201creal world\u201d is considered to be a function of two real variables, for example,a(x,y) witha as the amplitude (e.g. brightness) of the image at thereal coordinate position (x,y). An image may be considered to contain sub-images sometimes referred to as

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