In Language which express grammaical relationships by means of inflections, this term
refers to the form taken by a noun phrase (often a single noun or pronoun), when it
typically expresses the idea of location of an entity or action. English does not have a
locative case form, using such prepositions asat instead. Structures which express
location meaning may also be referred to as locative, e.g. in The man was standing at a

constructions as having particular importance in developing a linguistic theory,
interpreting such notions as \u2018being\u2019, \u2018having\u2019, etc., as involving a fundamental locative
feature. The term is also given special status in case grammar. (Crystal 1991 : 206)

Morphological case in some languages which serves to identify location; e.g. Turkishev
\u2018house\u2019 vs.evde \u2018in the house\u2019. Some remnants of the locative can be found in Latin,
where its function has been taken over mostly by the ablative or prepositional
constructions. (288)

a process or construction in grammatical and semantic analysis which typically expresses
the contradiction of some or all of a sentence\u2019s meaning. In English grammar, it is
expressed by the presence of the \u2018negative particle\u2019not orn \u2019t (the contracted negative); in
lexis, there are several possible means, e.g. prefixes such as un-, non-, or words such as

(which is not acceptable in standard English). In recent linguistics, a topic of particular
interest has been the range of sentence structure affected by the position of a negative
particule, e.g. I think John isn\u2019t coming vs. I don\u2019t think John is coming: such variations in
the scope of negation affect the logical structure as well as the semantic analysis of the
sentence. The opposite \u2018pole\u2019 to negative is positive (or affirmative), and the system of
contrasts made by a language in this area is often referred to as polarity. Negative polarity
items are those words or phrases which can appear only in a negative environment in a

In contrast with logical negation, natural language negation functions not only as
sentence negation, but also primarily as clausal or consituent negation : She did not pay
(= negation of predication), No one paid anything ( = negation of the subject NP),He

negation is frequently polysemic or dependent on the placement of negation, on the
sentence stress, as well as on the linguistic and/or extralinguistic context. Natural
language negation may be realized in various ways : a.) lexically with adverbs and
adverbial expressions (not, never, by no means), indefinite pronouns (nobody, nohing,
none), coordinating conjunctions (neither\u2026nor), sentence equivalents (no), or
prepositions (without, besides); b.) morphologically with prefixes (in + exact, un +
interested) or suffixes (help + less); c.) Intonationally with contrastive accent (in Jacob is

not flying to New York tomorrow., the negation can refer to Jacob, flying, New York,or tomorrow depending which elements are stressed); d.) Idiomatically by expressions like \u2018For all I care\u2026\u2019(323)

The use of nominalizations for various communicative purposes has been particularly investigated within Systemic Linguistics within which nominalizations are treated as a kind of grammatical metaphor. (Trask 1944 : 204)

a term used in some grammatical descriptions as a substitute for noun (e.g. nominal group
= noun phrase). In a more restricted sense, it refers to words which have some of the
attributes of nouns but not all, e.g. the poor are many, where the head word of this
phrase, does not pluralise (*the poors).No minalisation refers to the process of forming a
noun from some other word-class (e.g.red+ness ) or (in classical transformational
grammar especially) the derivation of a noun phrase from an underlying clause (e.g.His

Productive process of word formation through which words of all word classes can be
used as nouns. In conrast to conversion (hit < to hit), lexicalization is not an underlying
phenomenon of nominalization. Normally, nominalization concerns adjectives (including
participles) that appear as abstract concepts (the inconceivable) or as nouns denoting
persons (one\u2019s contemporaries; the good, the bad), where the resulting word keeps its
attributive adjectival function. Also verbs and verb phrases frequently appear as gerunds
in nominal phrases :swearing, twiddling one\u2019s thumbs. Virtually any word can be
nominalized conjuctions (no ifs, ands, or, buts), adverbs (the here andnow), particles (a

Nominative case \u2013 a feature of the noun largely functionally definable (in this case, the nominative, for mentioning the subject) and translatable as boy (subject). (Malmkjaer 1991 : 481)

That case-form in which a noun, pronoun, adjective, etc., is used when standing alone and without any syntactical context or relationship, or when used as the grammatical subject of a sentence. (Pei and Gaynor 1954 : 147)

In languages which express grammatical relationships by means of inflections, this term
refers to the form taken by a noun phrase (often a siingle noun or pronoun) when it is the
subject of a verb. It is usually the first form to be listed in a grammatical paradigm, or in
a dictionary, and is often the unmarked form (cf. Oblique), e.g. in Latin,homo (\u2018man\u2019) is
nominative singular (cf. hominem, hominis, etc.) The term is also used in recent
generative grammar, to refer to the case assigned to the subject NP in a finite clause. In
the phrase nominative island condition, it refers to a type of constraint on the freedom
of movement of items occuring inside a clause containing a nominative-marked subject.
In government-binding theory, nominative case is assigned to the NP governed by I with
AGR, i.e. to the subject in a finite clause. (Crystal 1991 : 234)

The case (objective case) which is the semantically most neutral case, the case of
anything representable by a noun whose role in the action or state identified by the verb
is identified by the semantic interpretation of the verb itself; conceivably the concept
should be limited to things which are affected by the action or state identified by the verb.
The term is not to be confused with the notion of direct object, nor with the name of the
surface case synonymous with accusative. [The dooropened.] (Malmkjaer 1991 : 67)

The word or word-group or phrase designating the person or thing at which the action expressed in the sentence is directed (Cf. direct object, indirect object) (Pei and Gaynor 1954 : 151)

A term used in the analysis of grammatical functions, to refer to a major constituent of sentence or clause structure, traditionally associated with the \u2018receiver\u2019 or \u2018goal\u2019 of an action, as in The cat bit the dog. Traditional analysis distinguishes adirect versus an