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Interaction of radiation
with matter

Dr Santam Chakraborty
Junior resident
Department of radiotherapy.
PGIMER

Moderator: Dr. T.S. Kehwar
Nature of radiation
\u2022The term radiation applies to the emission and propagation of
energy through space or a material medium.
\u2022Types of radiation:
\u2013 Electromagnetic radiation.
\u2013 Particulate radiation.
\u2022Electromagnetic radiation:
\u2013 Mode of energy propagation for phenomena such as light
waves, heat waves, x-rays, \u03b3-rays etc.
\u2013Was defined by Maxwell in terms of oscillating electrical and
magnetic fields.

\u2013 Electromagnetic radiation has a dual nature The spectrum of
the electromagnetic irradiation ranges from the wavelength of
107 m (radio waves) to 10-13 m (Ultra high-energy x-rays).

\u2013 X rays and \u03b3 rays are the two major forms of electromagnetic
radiation used in modern day radiotherapy.
\u2013The difference among the two lies in the mode of production:
\u2022 X rays are produced when high speed electrons collide with outer
electrons.
\u2022 \u03b3 rays are produced by intranuclear disintegration.
\u2022Particulate radiation:

\u2013 Refers to the energy propagated by traveling corpuscles, which have definite rest mass, definite momentum and a defined position at any instant.

\u2013Elementary atomic particles: electron, proton, neutron.
\u2013 Positron, neutrino and mesons are subatomic particles.
Nature of matter
\u2022 The smallest indivisible part of an element is known as Atom.

\u2022 The atom is made up of the nuclei and orbital electrons. The
nucleus contains two types of particles, protons, which are
positively charged and neutrons, which have no charge. The
electrons are negatively charged and their number is equal to
the number of protons, which makes the atom electrically
neutral.

\u2022Atoms are specified asZXA where Z = atomic number, and A
= mass number.

\u2022 According to Niels Bohr, electrons revolve in specific orbits
around the nucleus. These orbits are named as K,L,M etc; K
being innermost orbit.

\u2022These electron orbits are synonymous with energy levels.

\u2022 Here energy refers to the potential energy of the electron.
This energy depends upon the magnitude of the coulomb
forces of attraction between the nucleus and the orbital
electrons. Higher the atomic number greater is this binding
energy.

Fig 1 : Bohr\u2019s model of the
atom
Fig 2 : Energy level diagram
(Hydrogen Nucleus)
of 00

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