Let x(t) represent a band limited signal so that X(j

) = 0 for

ω < |ω

|. if

> 2ω

where

= 2∗π/τ

is the sampling frequency. Then x(t) is uniquely determined by itssamples. x(n*

τ).

The minimum sampling frequency is often referred to as the nyquist sampling rate or nyquistrate.

Under sampling:

When the sampling rate is less than the nyquist rate, there is overlap of the frequencycomponents and the higher frequency components and the other higher frequency terms of thecontinuous time signals appear in the low frequency region. This is referred to as aliasing.

Over sampling:

If the sampling rate is greater then there is a lot of redundancy in the discrete time signal.This is referred to as over sampling.

Matlab Program:

%to verify sampling theoreom%critical samplingf=1400;t=0:1/f:13/f;x=cos(2*pi*400*t)+cos(2*pi*700*t);Xm=abs(fft(x));n=0:length(x)-1;figure(1)stem(100*n,Xm),grid,zoom;xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('magnitude');title('criticle sampling');%under samplingf=700;t=0:1/f:6/f;x=cos(2*pi*400*t)+cos(2*pi*700*t);Xm=abs(fft(x));k=0:length(x)-1;figure(2)stem(100*k,Xm),grid,zoom;xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('magnitude');title('under sampling');%over samplingf=2000;t=0:1/f:27/f;x=cos(2*pi*400*t)+cos(2*pi*700*t);Xm=abs(fft(x));k=0:length(x)-1;figure(3)stem(100*k,Xm),grid,zoom;xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('magnitude');title('over sampling');

8. SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :

Differential equations provide another representation for the input output characteristics of LTIsystems. The general form of the linear, constant coefficient differential equation is∑a

y(t) = ∑b

x(t)

Solving Differential Equations:The Natural Response:

It is the output of the system when input is zero. For a continuous time system, naturalresponse y

(t) is the solution to the homogenous equation∑a

y(t) = 0The natural response is of the formy

(t) = ∑c

*exp(r

*t)Where r

are the N roots of the systems characteristic equation.

Forced response:

The forced response is the solution to the differential equation for the given input. Theforced response is represented by y

(t) and is similar to the input.

MATLAB FUNCTIONS:Dsolve:

DSOLVE Symbolic solution of ordinary differential equations.DSOLVE('eqn1','eqn2', ...) accepts symbolic equations representingordinary differential equations and initial conditions. Severalequations or initial conditions may be grouped together, separatedby commas, in a single input argument. By default, the independent variable is 't'. The independent variablemay be changed from 't' to some other symbolic variable by includingthat variable as the last input argument. The letter 'D' denotes differentiation with respect to the independentvariable, i.e. usually d/dt. A "D" followed by a digit denotesrepeated differentiation; e.g., D2 is d^2/dt^2. Any charactersimmediately following these differentiation operators are taken to bethe dependent variables; e.g., D3y denotes the third derivative