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General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1997 
Cosmological Models With Variable Cosmologicaland Gravitational
ª
Constantsº and Bulk ViscousModels
Arbab I. Arbab
1
Received October 30, 1995. Rev. version August 23, 1996 
A viscous model with variable gravitational and cosmological constanthas been considered. Several solutions are presented and some are shownto be equivalent to Berman, Kalligas et al. and Brans±Dicke solutions.KEY WORDS : Friedmann cosmological models ; in¯ation
1. INTRODUCTION
The role of viscosity in cosmology has been studied by several authors [1±4].The bulk viscosity associated with grand uni®ed theory phase transitioncan lead to the in¯ationary universe scenario. It is well known that inan early stage of the universe when neutrino decoupling occurred, thematter behaves like viscous ¯uid [22]. The coecient of viscosity is knownto decrease as the universe expands. Beesham [20] studied a universeconsisting of a cosmological constant (
L
~
t
-
2
) and bulk viscosity. Heshowed that the Berman model could be a viscous model for
n
=
12
. Morerecently Abdel Rahman considered a model in which the gravitationalconstant,
G 
, varies with time but energy is conserved [11]. et al. [8,19].In the present work we will investigate the eŒect of viscosity in a universewhere
G 
and
L
vary in such a way that energy is conserved.
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. 321, Khar-toum 11115, Sudan61
0001-7701/ 97/ 0100-0061$09.50/ 0 1997 Plenum Publishing Corporation
 
62 A rbab
2. THE MODEL
In a Robertson±Walker universe
d 
t 
2
=
dt
2
 ±
R
2
(
t
)
[
dr
2
1 ±
kr
2
+
r
2
(
d 
h 
2
+ sin
h 
2
d 
w 
2
)
]
,
(1)where
k 
is the curvature index.Einstein’s ®eld equations with time dependent cosmological and grav-itational
ª
constantsºR
mu 
±
12
 g 
mu 
R = 8
p 
GT 
mu 
+
L
 g 
mu 
(2)and the perfect ¯uid energy momentum tensor
T 
mu 
= (
r 
+
p
)
U 
m
U 
u 
±
pg 
mu 
(3)yield the two independent equations3 È
RR
= ± 4
p 
G 
(
3
 p
+
r 
±
L
4
p 
G 
)
,
(4)3 Ç
R
2
R
2
= 8
p 
G 
(
r 
+
L
8
p 
G 
)
±3
k R
2
.
(5)Elimination of È
R
gives3(
 p
+
r 
)Ç
R
= ±
(
Ç
G G 
r 
+ Ç
r 
+ Ç
L
8
p 
G 
)
R
.
(6)The conservation of energy and momentum yields3(
 p
+
r 
) = ±
Rd 
r 
dR
.
(7)The eŒect of bulk viscosity in the ®eld equation is to replace
p
by
p
 ± 3
g
H 
,where
g
is the viscosity coecient. It follows immediately that9
g
H 
Ç
R
=
(
Ç
G G 
r 
+ Ç
L
8
p 
G 
)
R
(8)and Ç
r 
+ 3
H 
(
r 
+
p
) = 0
.
(9)
 
C osm ological M odels W ith Variable
L
and
G 
63
Equation (8) can be written as9
g
H R
=
G 
9
G 
r 
+
L
9
8
p 
G ,
(10)where prime denotes derivative w.r.t scale factor
R
while dot is the deriva-tive w.r.t to cosmic time
t
. In what follows we will consider a ¯at universe,
k 
= 0.Equations (5) and (17) lead to8
p 
G 
r 
= 3(1 ±
b 
)
H 
2
(11)and the equation of state
 p
= (
c 
± 1)
r 
(12)in eqs. (8) and (9) leads to
r 
=
AR
-
3
c 
,
(13)where
A
is a constant.9
g
H R
= 2
H 
9
H 
r 
±
r 
9
+2
b 
(1 ±
b 
)
H 
9
H 
r 
(14)or
H 
9
H 
2
+3
c 
(1 ±
b 
)2
R
1
H 
=9(1 ±
b 
)
g
0
A
n
-
1
2
R
-
3
c 
n
+ 3
c 
-
1
,
(15)where we have taken the viscosity coecient to have the power law
g
=
g
0
r 
n
,
g
0
0
, n
const.
,
(16)and the ansatz
L
= 3
b 
H 
2
,
b 
const
.
(17)The solution of eq. (15) is obtained as follows. Let
y
= 1
 / 
H 
and
a
=[3
c 
(1 ±
b 
)]
 / 
2. Therefore
d dR yR
-
a
=± 9(1 ±
b 
)
g
0
A
n
-
1
2
R
-
3
c 
n
+ 3
c 
-
a
-
1
,
(18)
 yR
-
a
=9(1 ±
b 
)
g
0
A
n
-
1
2(3
c 
n
± 3
c 
+
a
)
R
-
3
c 
n
+ 3
c 
-
a
,
(19)
 y
=9(1 ±
b 
)
g
0
A
n
-
1
2(3
c 
n
± 3
c 
+
a
)
R
-
3
c 
n
+ 3
c 
,
(20)
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