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êÞçÓÖ]<hƒ^rj×Ö<ÜÛfl Ã¹]<àiçéÞ<áçÞ^Î<
…Olbi‰c@áîçaŠig@lbi‰c @âìŠ¨a@òÈßbu 
 – 
õbíŒîÐÛa@áÓ
aiarbab@uofkaiarbab@uofkaiarbab@uofkaiarbab@uofk....eduedueduedu
 
ﺎﻤﻬـﺘﻠﺘﻛ ﲔﻤـﺴﺟ ﲔﺑ ﺏﺫﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻗ ﺩﺪﺤ ﺗ
1
m
ﻭ
2
m
ﺔﻓﺎـﺴﻣ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﺘﻋﻮـﺿﻮﻣ
r 
ﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺏﺬﺠﻠﻟ ﻦﺗﻮﻴﻧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﺑﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻄﻌ ﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﱐ
221
r mGmF 
=
ﺚﻴﺣ
G
ﱐﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﺗﻮﻴﻧ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻮﻫ.ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺎـﺑ ﺔـﻄﺒﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻈﻟﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﺴﻔﻳﺎﻤﻬــﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺪــﻳﺪﲢﻭ ﺲﻤــﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﻮــﺣ ﺐــﻛﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺔــﻛﺮﺣ ﻞــﺜﻣ ،ﺔــﻴﻧﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺔــﺑﺫﺎﳉﺍﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ.  ـﺑ ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﻧﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺔـﺑﺫﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﺗﺔﻧﻮﺤـﺸﳌﺍ ﻡﺎـﺴﺟﻷﺍ ﲔ ﺚـﻴﺣ ، ﲔﻤﺴﳉﺎﻤﻬﻴﺘﻨﺤﺷ
1
q
ﻭ
2
q
ﻥﺎﺘﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣﺔﻓﺎﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ
r 
ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ
221
r qqk F 
=
ﺚﻴﺣ
k 
ﻡﻮﻟﻮﻛ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻮﻫ.ﻒﻠﺘﲣﺔﺑﺫﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍﺔﻴﻧﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﰲﻩﺎﲡﻹﺍﻭ.ﻥﻮـﻜﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ   ﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺩﺍﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻟﺎ ﻌﻓ ﺔﺑﺫﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍﻦـﻋ ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﳌﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎ ﺔـﻤﻈﻧﻷﺍ  ﻠﻔﻟﺍﺔﻴﻜ )ﺕﺍﺮـﳎ ،ﺐﻛﺍﻮﻛ ،ﻡﻮﳒ،ﻥﻮـﻜﻟﺍ(ﺪـﺟﻮﺗﻻ ﺚـﻴﺣ ،ﺓﻮـﻗﻩﺬـﻫ ﲔـﺑ ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻬﻛ   ﹰﺎﻴﺑﺮﻬﻛ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﺎﻷ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷﺍ.ﺕﺎـﻧﻭﺮﺗﻮﻴﻧ ﻦـﻣ ﻥﻮـﻜﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺍﻮﻨﻠﻟ ﺎﻣﺃﺔـﻟﺩﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﺗﻭﺮﺑﻭﺔﻨﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺟﻮﻣﻚـﺳﺎﲤ ﻦـﻋ ﺔﻟﻮﺌـﺴﳌﺍ ﻲـﻫ ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻻﺓﺍﻮﻨﻟﺍ.ﻭﺕﺮﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻥﺇﺓﺍﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﺗﻭﱪﻟﺍﺎﻬﻜﻜﻔﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻴﺳ ﺎﳑ. ﲏﻌﻳﺔـﻳﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﻦـﻋ ﺔﻟﻮﺌـﺴﳌﺍ ﻲـﻫ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺬﻫ.ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺎـﻓ ﻮﻨﻟﺍﻭﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﳉﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﺗ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺓﻮﻗ ﺔﻳ ﻋ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺓﻮﻘﺑﺓﲑﻐـﺻ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﳌ ﺏﺮﺘﻘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨ  ﹰﺍﺪﺟﹰﺍﺪﺟ ﻞﻴﺌﺿ ﺭﺪﻘﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻻﻭ ،.ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺃﻥﻭﺮﺗﻮﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻠﲢ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﳉﺍ ﻚﻜﻔﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻟﻮﺌﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻀﻳ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺗﻭﺮﺑ ﱃﺇﺇ ﻳ ﻢﻴﺴﺟﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺩﺎـﻀﳌﺍ ﻮﻨﻳﺮﺗﻮﻴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻑﺮﻌ . ـﺴﳉ ﺕﻼـﻠﲢ ﻙﺎـﻨﻫﻭﺕﺎﻤﻴ   ﺓﺍﻮـﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎـﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﻦـﻣ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ.ﺕﺎﻤﻴـﺴﳉﺍ ﻩﺬـﻫ ﻥﻮـﻜﺗ ﲑـﻏ ﺔـﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﹰﺍﺭﺍﺮﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﺟ ﱃﺇ ﺰﻴﺟﻭ ﻦﻣﺯ ﰲ ﻞﻠﺤﺘﺗﻭ ،ﺓﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ.
 
 
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 ﻪﻤﻜﲢ ﺓﻮﻗ ﱂﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﻟ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﳑ ﺪﳒ.ﻯﺪﻣ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻜﻟﻭ  ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﺑ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ.ﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻪﻠﻛ ﻥﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻚﺴﲤ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺎﻓﻚﺴﲤ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺑﺫ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺍﺭﺬﻟﺍ. ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻄﻨﻐﳌﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﻮﻗ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ.ﻩﺬـﻫ ﺔـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ  ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻴﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴـﺴﻴﻄﻨﻐﳌﺍ ﺓﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﺗ ﱄﺎـﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺤـﺸﻟﺍ ﻙﺮـﺤﺘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ. ﻓﺔﻨﻛﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻌ )
q
(ﺍ ﺪﻟﻮﺘﻳﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﻱﺬﻟﺍﻝﺎـﳎ ﻦﻳﻮـﻜﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺕﺎﻨﺤـﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻲﺴﻴﻄﻨﻐﻣ)ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻴﺘﻟﺍ.(ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﺛﺆـﳌﺍ ﺔـﻴﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮـﻜﺗﻭ ﻥﻮﺤﺸﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﳉﺍ ﺑ ﻑﺮﻌ ﺗ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻄﻨﻐﻣﺮﻬﻛ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻄﻌﺗﻭ ﺰﺘﻧﺭﻮﻟ ﺓﻮﻘ ﻰ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ
)v(
eee
B E qF 
r r r r 
×+=
 ﺏﺫﺎـﺟ ﻲـﺴﻴﻃﺎﻨﻐﻣ ﻝﺎﳎ ﺪﻟﻮﺘﻳ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺫﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑﻭﺞﺘـﻨﻳﻦـﻣ  ﺣﺕﺍﺮﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻮﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺐﻛﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﻷﺍ ﺔﻛﺮ .ﺖﺤﺒـﺻﺃ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺓﻮـﻗ ﻪﺒـﺸﺗ ﺓﻮﻗ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻻ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻄﻨﻐﻣﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺔﺑﺫﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍﺏﺫﺎﳉﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﻤﻠﻟ ﺰﺘﻧﺭﻮﻟ. ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻄﻨﻐﻣﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻞﻳﻮﺴﻛﺎﻣ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺪ ﺣﻭ ﺪﻘﻟﺚﻴﲝﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ  ﻭﺮﻬﻛ ﻝﺎﳎ ﻻﺇ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻨﻐﻣﺀﺎﻀﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻳ ﻲﺴﻴﻄ .ﻩﺬـﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺎـﻤﻴﻓ ﺢﻀﺗﺃﻭ ﻙﺮـﺤﺘﺗ ﱵـﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﻮﺤﺸﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﻸﻟ ﺢﻠﺼﺗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﳌﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻘﻔﺘﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﻮـﻀﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮـﺳ ﺖﺑﺭﺎﻗ ﻮﻟﻭ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻱﺄﺑ.ﺏﺫﺎـﺠﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﺗﻮـﻴﻧ ﺔـﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻚـﻠﲤ ﻻ ﻒـﺳﻸﻟ  ﺔـﻳﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﻋﺮـﺴﺑ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﻸﻟ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﱐﻮﻜﻟﺍ.ﻚﻟﺬـﺑ ﹰﺎـﻤﻤ ﻌﻣ ﺔـﻴﻧﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺔـﺑﺫﺎﳉﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﻪﺘﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﲔﺘﺸﻧﺁ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻗ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﱐﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺏﺬﺠﻠﻟ ﻦﺗﻮﻴﻧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﻓﺮ ﻋﻭ ،.ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﺤﳒ  ﺎﻫﲑـﺴﻔﺘﻟ ﱐﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﺗﻮﻴﻧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺢﺠﻨﻳ ﱂ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻈﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ.ﺍﺬـﻭ ﻲﻫ ﱐﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺏﺬﺠﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﻤﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ.  ﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻳﺰﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﲟ ﺕﺮﺸﻧ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻠ ﹰﻼﻳﺪـﻌﺗ ﺎﻨﻣﺪـﻗ ﺀﺎـﻀﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻮـﻠﻋﻭ ﺔـﻴﻜ   ﱐﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺏﺬﺠﻠﻟ ﻦﺗﻮﻴﻧ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰﺍﺪﻳﺪﺟ.ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﰲ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻳ ﻻﺎﳎ ﻴﺴﻴﻄﻨﻐﻣﺎ  ﺑﺫﺎﺟﺎ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﻷﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﻊﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ.ﰲ ﻡﺎﻬﺳﻻﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰐﺄﻳ  ﻮﻈﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺣﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻃﺍﺔﺌﻓﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﲟ ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ﻍﺎﺼﺗ ﺚﻴﲝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻳﺰﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻫﺍ.ﻭﺎﲟ  ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻄﻨﻐﻣﺮﻬﻛ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃﺓﻮـﻗ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﻣ ﺔﻠﺘﻛ " ﻄﻨﻐﲟﺫﺎﺟﺔﻴـﺴﻴ ."ﹰﺎـﺌﻓﺎﻜﻣ ﻲـﺿﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜـﺷ ﻥﻮـﻜﻳﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺤﺸﻠﻟ ﺰﺘﻧﺭﻮﻟ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﱄﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺬﺧﺄﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ
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