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Cosmological Models in the GeneralizedEinstein Action
Arbab I. Arbab
∗
Abstract:
We have studied the evolution of the Universe in the gen-eralized Einstein action of the form
R
+
βR
2
, where
R
is the scalarcurvature and
β 
=
const
. We have found exact cosmological solutionsthat predict the present cosmic acceleration. These models predict aninflationary de-Sitter era occurring in the early Universe. The cosmo-logical constant (Λ) is found to decay with the Hubble constant (
H 
)as, Λ
∝
H 
4
. In this scenario the cosmological constant varies quadrat-ically with the energy density (
ρ
), i.e., Λ
∝
ρ
2
. Such a variation isfound to describe a two-component cosmic fluid in the Universe. Oneof the components accelerated the Universe in the early era, and theother in the present era. The scale factor of the Universe varies as
a
∼
t
n
,
n
=1
/
2 in the radiation era. The cosmological constant van-ishes when
n
=4
/
3 and
n
=1
/
2. We have found that the inclusion of the term
R
2
mimics a cosmic matter that could substitute the ordi-nary matter. It is also equivalent to having a bulk viscosity of ordinarycosmology.
§
1.
Introduction
. Modified gravity models have been invoked toresolve cosmological and astrophysical problems with observations (seeHawking & Luttrel [1], Whitt [2], Srivastava [3], Srivastava & Sinha [4],Kung [5]). The generalized Einstein action including an additionalscalar term
R
2
is given (by Kenmoku
et al 
., 1992 [6]; Nojiri & Odintsov,2005 [7]; Debnath & Paul, 2006 [8]) by
S 
=
−
116
πG
 
d
4
x
√
g
(
R
+ 2Λ +
βR
2
) +
S 
matter
(1)where
R
is Ricci’s scalar curvature, Λ is the cosmological constant,
g
is the negative determinant of the metric tensor
g
µν
,
S 
matter
is thematter action, and
β 
is a constant. Several authors have studied classicalsolutions of this action without matter and have concluded that big bangsingularity may be avoided (see Kung, 1996 [5]).In this paper we will study the cosmological implications of thisaction.
∗
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box321, Khartoum 11115, Sudan, and Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics,Faculty of Applied Sciences and Computer, Omdurman Ahlia University, P.O. Box786, Omdurman, Sudan. E-mail: aiarbab@uofk.edu; arbab ai@yahoo.com
 
4
The Abraham Zelmanov Journal — Vol.2, 2009 
The variation of the metric with respect to
g
µν
gives
R
µν
−
12
Rg
µν
−
Λ
g
µν
+
βB
µν
=
−
8
πGT 
µν
,
(2)where
T 
µν
is the energy momentum tensor of the cosmic fluid, and
B
µν
= 2
R
R
µν
−
12
Rg
µν
+ 2(
R
;
µν
−
g
µν
∆
R
)
,
(3)with
R
;
µν
=
µ
ν
R
and ∆
R
=
g
µν
R
;
µν
. For an ideal fluid one has
T 
µν
= (
ρ
+
 p
)
u
µ
u
ν
+
 pg
µν
,
(4)where
u
µ
,
ρ
,
p
are the velocity, density and pressure of the cosmic fluid.The flat Robertson-Walker line element is given by
ds
2
=
−
dt
2
+
a
2
(
t
)
dr
2
+
r
2
(
dθ
2
+
r
2
sin
2
θdφ
2
)
.
(5)The time-time and space-space components of (2) give3
H 
2
−
Λ
−
18
β 
6˙
HH 
2
+ 2
H 
¨
H 
−
˙
H 
2
= 8
πGρ,
(6)and
−
2˙
H 
−
3
H 
2
+ Λ + 6
β 
2...
H 
+ 12
H 
¨
H 
+ 18˙
HH 
2
+ 9˙
H 
2
= 8
πGp,
(7)where
H 
=
˙
aa
is the Hubble constant. We have noticed that Debnathand Paul considered a similar action, but with variable
G
and Λ. Theyarrive at very similar type of solutions.
§
2.
Model A
. Now consider the cosmological model whenΛ =
−
18
β 
6˙
HH 
2
+ 2
H 
¨
H 
−
˙
H 
2
(8)so that (6) is3
H 
2
= 8
πGρ
(9)and (7) becomes
−
2˙
H 
−
3
H 
2
= 8
πG
 p
−
3
β 
2
πG
...
H 
+ 3
H 
¨
H 
+ 6˙
H 
2
.
(10)A universe with bulk viscosity (
η
) is obtained by replacing the pres-sure
p
by the effective pressure
p
−
3
ηH 
. In this case, one may attributethat the inclusion of the
R
2
is equivalent to having a bulk viscosity
 
A.Arbab — Cosmological Models in the Generalized Einstein Action 
5
given by
η
=
β 
2
πG
...
H H 
+ 3¨
H 
+ 6˙
H 
2
H 
.
(11)Notice here that the bulk viscosity is normally parameterized by
η
=
η
0
ρ
s
(
s,η
0
=
const
), but here
η
depends on the rates of universeexpansion. Consider a power law expansion of the form
a
=
At
n
, A,n
=
const
(12)so that
η
=3
β πG
(2
n
−
1)
t
−
3
.
(13)From (8), the cosmological constant becomesΛ = 54
β n
2
(2
n
−
1)
t
−
4
, n
= 0
,
(14)and the energy density8
πGρ
=3
n
2
t
2
.
(15)Using (12), the cosmological constant becomesΛ =54
β 
(2
n
−
1)
n
2
H 
4
, n
= 0
,
(16)where
˙
RR
=
H 
=
nt
. Upon using (9), this becomesΛ =6
β 
(2
n
−
1)(8
πG
)
2
n
2
ρ
2
, n
= 0
,
(17)i.e., Λ
∝
ρ
2
. Substituting (12) into (10), we see that the pressure isgiven by8
πGp
=
(2
−
3
n
)
nt
2
−
72
βn
(1
−
2
n
)
t
4
.
(18)Using (15), this can be written as
 p
=
−
1 +23
n
ρ
−
1
−
2
nn
3
Nβρ
2
, N 
= 64
πG, n
= 0
.
(19)We know the Van der Waals equation of state is given by
 p
=
γρ
1
−
bγ 
−
αρ
2
, γ,b,α
=
const.
(20)Thus, the resulting equation of state of a power law expansion isthat due to two-component fluid resembling the van der Waals equation
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