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Linearization of Nonlinear Models
•Most chemical process models are nonlinear, butthey are often linearizedto perform a simulation andstability analysis.•Linear models are easier to understand (thannonlinear models) and are necessary for most controlsystem design methods.
 
Single Variable Example
•A general single variable nonlinear model•The function
f 
(
x 
) can be approximated by a Taylor seriesapproximation around the steady-state operating point (
x 
s 
)•Neglect the quadratic and higher order terms
( )
dx f xdt 
=
( ) ( )
222
1( ) ( ) high order terms2
ss
s s s xx
 f f  f x f x x x x x x x
∂ ∂= + − + − +∂ ∂
( )
( ) ( )
s
s s x
 f  f x f x x x x
∂≈ + −∂
( )
( )
s
s x
dx f  f x x xdt x
∂= ≈ −∂
At steady-state
( ) 0
ss
dx f xdt 
= =
The partial derivative of f(x) with respect to x,evaluated at the steady-state
 
•Since the derivative of a constant (
x 
s 
) is zero•We are often interested in deviations in a state from a steady-state operating point (
deviation variable
)•Write in state-space form
( )( )
s
ss x
d x xf  x xdt x
−∂≈ −∂
( )
s
d x xdxdt dt 
−=
s
 x
dx f  xdt x
∂≈∂
s
 x x x
= −
: the change or perturbation from a steady-state value
dxa xdt 
≈
s
 x
 f a x
∂=∂
where
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