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SS7
From Marouan Hlif
SS7
From Marouan Hlif
Introduction 8.1Unit protection schemes 8.2Teleprotection commands 8.3Intertripping 8.4Performance requirements 8.5Transmission media, interference and noise 8.6Methods of signalling 8.7
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Protection:Signalling and Intertripping
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8.1 INTRODUCTION
Unit protection schemes, formed by a number of relayslocated remotely from each other, and some distanceprotection schemes, require some form of communicationbetween each location in order to achieve a unit protectionfunction. This form of communication is known asprotection signalling. Additionally communicationsfacilities are also required when remote operation of acircuit breaker is required as a result of a local event. Thisform of communications is known as intertripping.The communication messages involved may be quitesimple, involving instructions for the receiving device totake some defined action (trip, block, etc.), or it may bethe passing of measured data in some form from onedevice to another (as in a unit protection scheme). Various types of communication links are available forprotection signalling, for example:
i.
private pilot wires installed by the powerauthority
ii.
pilot wires or channels rented from acommunications company
iii.
carrier channels at high frequencies over thepower lines
iv.
radio channels at very high or ultra highfrequencies
v.
optical fibresWhether or not a particular link is used depends onfactors such as the availability of an appropriatecommunication network, the distance betweenprotection relaying points, the terrain over which thepower network is constructed, as well as cost.Protection signalling is used to implement UnitProtection schemes, provide teleprotection commands,or implement intertripping between circuit breakers.
8.2 UNIT PROTECTION SCHEMES
Phase comparison and current differential schemes usesignalling to convey information concerning the relayingquantity - phase angle of current and phase and
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Protection:Signalling and Intertripping
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P r o t e c t i o n : S i g n a l l i n g a n d I n t e r t r i p p i n g
magnitude of current respectively - between local andremote relaying points. Comparison of local and remotesignals provides the basis for both fault detection anddiscrimination of the schemes.Details of Unit Protection schemes are given in Chapter 10.Communications methods are covered later in this Chapter.
8.3 TELEPROTECTION COMMANDS
Some Distance Protection schemes described in Chapter12 use signalling to convey a command between localand remote relaying points. Receipt of the informationis used to aid or speed up clearance of faults within aprotected zone or to prevent tripping from faults outsidea protected zone.Teleprotection systems are often referred to by theirmode of operation, or the role of the teleprotectioncommand in the system.
8.4 INTERTRIPPING
Intertripping is the controlled tripping of a circuitbreaker so as to complete the isolation of a circuit orpiece of apparatus in sympathy with the tripping of othercircuit breakers. The main use of such schemes is toensure that protection at both ends of a faulted circuitwill operate to isolate the equipment concerned. Possiblecircumstances when it may be used are:
a.
a feeder with a weak infeed at one end, insufficientto operate the protection for all faults
b.
feeder protection applied to transformer –feedercircuits. Faults on the transformer windings mayoperate the transformer protection but not thefeeder protection. Similarly, some earth faults maynot be detected due to transformer connections
c.
faults between the CB and feeder protection CT’s,when these are located on the feeder side of the CB.Bus-zone protection does not result in faultclearance – the fault is still fed from the remote endof the feeder, while feeder unit protection may notoperate as the fault is outside the protected zone
d.
some distance protection schemes useintertripping to improve fault clearance times forsome kinds of fault – see Chapters 12/13Intertripping schemes use signalling to convey a trip
Power transmission lineBlockingCommunicationlink
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DataCommunicationsystemsTelecontrolTelephonePermissivetripTelemetryDataCommunicationsystemsTelecontrolTelephoneTelemetryTeleprotectioncommand(receive)Teleprotectioncommand(send)ProtectionrelayschemeProtectionrelayscheme
V I
TripTripIntertripBlockingPermissivetripIntertrip
Figure 8.1: Application of protection signalling and its relationship to other systems using communication(shown as a unidirectional system for simplicity)
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08-Protection Signalling and Tripping
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