Network Protection & Automation Guide
Even where instability does not occur, the increasedduration of the disturbance may give rise to powerquality problems, and may result in increased plantdamage.Unit schemes of protection that compare the conditions atthe two ends of the feeder simultaneously positivelyidentify whether the fault is internal or external to theprotected section and provide high-speed protection forthe whole feeder length. This advantage is balanced by thefact that the unit scheme does not provide the back upprotection for adjacent feeders given by a distance scheme.The most desirable scheme is obviously a combination of the best features of both arrangements, that is,instantaneous tripping over the whole feeder length plusback-up protection to adjacent feeders. This can beachieved by interconnecting the distance protectionrelays at each end of the protected feeder by acommunications channel. Communication techniquesare described in detail in Chapter 8.The purpose of the communications channel is totransmit information about the system conditions fromone end of the protected line to the other, includingrequests to initiate or prevent tripping of the remotecircuit breaker. The former arrangement is generallyknown as a 'transfer tripping scheme' while the latter isgenerally known as a 'blocking scheme'. However, theterminology of the various schemes varies widely,according to local custom and practice.
12.2 ZONE 1 EXTENSION SCHEME (Z1X SCHEME)
This scheme is intended for use with an auto-reclosefacility, or where no communications channel isavailable, or the channel has failed. Thus it may be usedon radial distribution feeders, or on interconnected linesas a fallback when no communications channel isavailable, e.g. due to maintenance or temporary fault.The scheme is shown in Figure 12.2.The Zone 1 elements of the distance relay have twosettings. One is set to cover 80% of the protected linelength as in the basic distance scheme. The other, knownas 'Extended Zone 1'or ‘Z1X’, is set to overreach theprotected line, a setting of 120% of the protected linebeing common. The Zone 1 reach is normally controlledby the Z1X setting and is reset to the basic Zone 1 settingwhen a command from the auto-reclose relay is received.On occurrence of a fault at any point within the Z1Xreach, the relay operates in Zone 1 time, trips the circuitbreaker and initiates auto-reclosure. The Zone 1 reach of the distance relay is also reset to the basic value of 80%,prior to the auto-reclose closing pulse being applied tothe breaker. This should also occur when the auto-reclose facility is out of service. Reversion to the Z1Xreach setting occurs only at the end of the reclaim time.For interconnected lines, the Z1X scheme is established(automatically or manually) upon loss of thecommunications channel by selection of the appropriaterelay setting (setting group in a numerical relay). If thefault is transient, the tripped circuit breakers will reclosesuccessfully, but otherwise further tripping during thereclaim time is subject to the discrimination obtainedwith normal Zone 1 and Zone 2 settings.The disadvantage of the Zone 1 extension scheme is thatexternal faults within the Z1X reach of the relay result intripping of circuit breakers external to the faultedsection, increasing the amount of breaker maintenanceneeded and needless transient loss of supply to someconsumers. This is illustrated in Figure 12.3(a) for asingle circuit line where three circuit breakers operateand in Figure 12.3(b) for a double circuit line, where fivecircuit breakers operate.
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D i s t a n c e P r o t e c t i o n S c h e m e s
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Figure 12.2: Zone 1 extension scheme
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(a) Distance/time characteristicsTrip(b) Simplified logicZone 1extZone 1Zone 2Zone 3Auto-recloseReset Zone 1ext
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Chap12 exe 14/06/02 13:15 Page 194
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