Introduction 13.1Parallel feeders 13.2Multi-ended feeders – unit protection 13.3Multi-ended feeders – distance protection 13.4Multi-ended feeders -application of distance protection schemes 13.5Protection of series compensated lines 13.6Examples 13.7References 13.8
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Protection ofComplexTransmission Circuits
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13.1 INTRODUCTION
Chapters 10-12 have covered the basic principles of protection for two terminal, single circuit lines whosecircuit impedance is due solely to the conductors used.However parallel transmission circuits are ofteninstalled, either as duplicate circuits on a commonstructure, or as separate lines connecting the same twoterminal points via different routes. Also, circuits maybe multi-ended, a three-ended circuit being the mostcommon.For economic reasons, transmission and distributionlines can be much more complicated, maybe havingthree or more terminals (multi-ended feeder), or withmore than one circuit carried on a common structure(parallel feeders), as shown in Figure 13.1. Otherpossibilities are the use of series capacitors or direct-connected shunt reactors. The protection of such linesis more complicated and requires the basic schemesdescribed in the above chapters to be modified.The purpose of this chapter is to explain the specialrequirements of some of these situations in respect of protection and identify which protection schemes areparticularly appropriate for use in these situations.
13.2 PARALLEL FEEDERS
If two overhead lines are supported on the samestructures or are otherwise in close proximity over part
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Protection ofComplexTransmission Circuits
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SourceSourceBus
C
Bus
A
Bus
B
Figure 13.1: Parallel and Multi-ended feeders
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or whole of their length, there is a mutual couplingbetween the two circuits. The positive and negativesequence coupling between the two circuits is small andis usually neglected. The zero sequence coupling can bestrong and its effect cannot be ignored.The other situation that requires mutual effects to betaken into account is when there is an earth fault on afeeder when the parallel feeder is out of service andearthed at both ends. An earth fault in the feeder thatis in service can induce current in the earth loop of theearthed feeder, causing a misleading mutualcompensation signal.
13.2.1 Unit Protection Systems
Types of protection that use current only, for exampleunit protection systems, are not affected by the couplingbetween the feeders. Therefore, compensation for theeffects of mutual coupling is not required for the relaytripping elements.If the relay has a distance-to-fault feature, mutualcompensation is required for an accurate measurement.Refer to Section 13.2.2.3 for how this is achieved.
13.2.2 Distance Protection
There are a number of problems applicable to distancerelays, as described in the following sections.
13.2.2.1 Current reversal on double circuit lines
When a fault is cleared sequentially on one circuit of adouble circuit line with generation sources at both endsof the circuit, the current in the healthy line can reversefor a short time. Unwanted tripping of CB’s on thehealthy line can then occur if a Permissive Over-reach orBlocking distance scheme (see Chapter 12) is used.Figure 13.2 shows how the situation can arise. The CBat
D
clears the fault at
F
faster than the CB at
C
. BeforeCB
D
opens, the Zone 2 elements at
A
may see the faultand operate, sending a trip signal to the relay for CB
B
.The reverse looking element of the relay at CB
B
alsosees the fault and inhibits tripping of CB’s
A
and
B
.However, once CB
D
opens, the relay element at
A
startsto reset, while the forward looking elements at
B
pick up(due to current reversal) and initiate tripping. If thereset times of the forward-looking elements of the relayat
A
are longer than the operating time of the forward-looking elements at
B
, the relays will trip the healthyline. The solution is to incorporate a blocking time delaythat prevents the tripping of the forward-lookingelements of the relays and is initiated by the reverse-looking element. The time delay must be longer than thereset times of the relay elements at
A
.
13.2.2.2 Under-reach on parallel lines
If a fault occurs on a line that lies beyond the remoteterminal end of a parallel line circuit, the distance relaywill under-reach for those zones set to reach into theaffected line.Analysis shows that under these conditions, because therelay sees only 50% (for two parallel circuits) of thetotal fault current for a fault in the adjacent line section,the relay sees the impedance of the affected section astwice the correct value. This may have to be allowed forin the settings of Zones 2 and 3 of conventionally setdistance relays.Since the requirement for the minimum reach of Zone 2is to the end of the protected line section and the under-reach effect only occurs for faults in the following linesection(s), it is not usually necessary to adjust Zone 2impedance settings to compensate.However, Zone 3 elements are intended to providebackup protection to adjacent line sections and hencethe under-reaching effect must be allowed for in theimpedance calculations.
13.2.2.3 Behaviour of distance relays with earth faults on the protected feeder
When an earth fault occurs in the system, the voltageapplied to the earth fault element of the relay in onecircuit includes an induced voltage proportional to thezero sequence current in the other circuit.
Fault
A BC DF
(b) Fault current distributionwith circuit breaker K open
A BC
Fault
DF
Open(a) Fault current distributionat instant of fault
Z<Z<Z< Z<Z<Z<
<
Z< Z<
Figure 13.2: Fault current distributionin double-circuit line
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13-Protection of Complex Transmission
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