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Introduction15.1Busbar faults15.2Protection requirements15.3Types of protection system15.4System protection schemes15.5Frame-earth protection(Howard protection)15.6Differential protectionprinciples15.7High impedancedifferential protection15.8Low impedance biaseddifferential protection15.9Numerical busbar protection15.10References15.11
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15.1 INTRODUCTION
The protection scheme for a power system should coverthe whole system against all probable types of fault.Unrestricted forms of line protection, such as overcurrentand distance systems, meet this requirement, althoughfaults in the busbar zone are cleared only after sometime delay. But if unit protection is applied to feedersand plant, the busbars are not inherently protected.Busbars have often been left without specific protection,for one or more of the following reasons:
a.
the busbars and switchgear have a high degree of reliability, to the point of being regarded asintrinsically safe
b.
it was feared that accidental operation of busbarprotection might cause widespread dislocation of the power system, which, if not quickly cleared,would cause more loss than would the veryinfrequent actual bus faults
c.
it was hoped that system protection or back-upprotection would provide sufficient bus protectionif neededIt is true that the risk of a fault occurring on modernmetal-clad gear is very small, but it cannot be entirelyignored. However, the damage resulting from oneuncleared fault, because of the concentration of faultMVA, may be very extensive indeed, up to the completeloss of the station by fire. Serious damage to ordestruction of the installation would probably result inwidespread and prolonged supply interruption.Finally, system protection will frequently not provide thecover required. Such protection may be good enough forsmall distribution substations, but not for importantstations. Even if distance protection is applied to allfeeders, the busbar will lie in the second zone of all thedistance protections, so a bus fault will be clearedrelatively slowly, and the resultant duration of thevoltage dip imposed on the rest of the system may not betolerable.With outdoor switchgear the case is less clear since,although the likelihood of a fault is higher, the risk of widespread damage resulting is much less. In generalthen, busbar protection is required when the systemprotection does not cover the busbars, or when, in order
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to maintain power system stability, high-speed faultclearance is necessary. Unit busbar protection providesthis, with the further advantage that if the busbars aresectionalised, one section only need be isolated to cleara fault. The case for unit busbar protection is in factstrongest when there is sectionalisation.
15.2 BUSBAR FAULTS
The majority of bus faults involve one phase and earth,but faults arise from many causes and a significantnumber are interphase clear of earth. In fact, a largeproportion of busbar faults result from human errorrather than the failure of switchgear components.With fully phase-segregated metalclad gear, only earthfaults are possible, and a protection scheme need haveearth fault sensitivity only. In other cases, an ability torespond to phase faults clear of earth is an advantage,although the phase fault sensitivity need not be very high.
15.3 PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
Although not basically different from other circuitprotection, the key position of the busbar intensifies theemphasis put on the essential requirements of speed andstability. The special features of busbar protection arediscussed below.
15.3.1 Speed
Busbar protection is primarily concerned with:
a.
limitation of consequential damage
b.
removal of busbar faults in less time than could beachieved by back-up line protection, with theobject of maintaining system stabilitySome early busbar protection schemes used a lowimpedance differential system having a relatively longoperation time, of up to 0.5 seconds. The basis of mostmodern schemes is a differential system using either lowimpedance biased or high impedance unbiased relayscapable of operating in a time of the order of one cycleat a very moderate multiple of fault setting. To this mustbe added the operating time of the tripping relays, but anoverall tripping time of less than two cycles can beachieved. With high-speed circuit breakers, completefault clearance may be obtained in approximately 0.1seconds. When a frame-earth system is used, theoperating speed is comparable.
15.3.2 Stability
The stability of bus protection is of paramountimportance. Bearing in mind the low rate of faultincidence, amounting to no more than an average of onefault per busbar in twenty years, it is clear that unlessthe stability of the protection is absolute, the degree of disturbance to which the power system is likely to besubjected may be increased by the installation of busprotection. The possibility of incorrect operation has, inthe past, led to hesitation in applying bus protection andhas also resulted in application of some very complexsystems. Increased understanding of the response of differential systems to transient currents enables suchsystems to be applied with confidence in theirfundamental stability. The theory of differentialprotection is given later in Section 15.7.Notwithstanding the complete stability of a correctlyapplied protection system, dangers exist in practice for anumber of reasons. These are:
a.
interruption of the secondary circuit of a currenttransformer will produce an unbalance, whichmight cause tripping on load depending on therelative values of circuit load and effective setting.It would certainly do so during a through fault,producing substantial fault current in the circuit inquestion
b.
a mechanical shock of sufficient severity maycause operation, although the likelihood of thisoccurring with modern numerical schemes isreduced
c.
accidental interference with the relay, arising froma mistake during maintenance testing, may lead tooperationIn order to maintain the high order of integrity neededfor busbar protection, it is an almost invariable practiceto make tripping depend on two independentmeasurements of fault quantities. Moreover, if thetripping of all the breakers within a zone is derived fromcommon measuring relays, two separate elements mustbe operated at each stage to complete a trippingoperation. Although not current practice, in many casesthe relays are separated by about 2 metres so that noreasonable accidental mechanical interference to bothrelays simultaneously is possible.The two measurements may be made by two similardifferential systems, or one differential system may bechecked by a frame-earth system, by earth fault relaysenergised by current transformers in the transformerneutral-earth conductors or by overcurrent relays.Alternatively, a frame-earth system may be checked byearth fault relays.If two systems of the unit or other similar type are used,they should be energised by separate currenttransformers in the case of high impedance unbiaseddifferential schemes. The duplicate ring CT cores may bemounted on a common primary conductor but
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