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Introduction23.1Power Quality classification23.2Causes and impact of PowerQuality problems23.3Power Quality monitoring23.4Remedial measures23.5Examples23.6
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23.1 INTRODUCTION
Over the last thirty years or so, the amount of equipmentcontaining electronics has increased dramatically. Suchequipment can both cause and be affected byelectromagnetic disturbances. A disturbance thataffects a process control computer in a large industrialcomplex could easily result in shutdown of the process.The lost production and product loss/recycling duringstart-up represents a large cost to the business.Similarly, a protection relay affected by a disturbancethrough conduction or radiation from nearby conductorscould trip a feeder or substation, causing loss of supplyto a large number of consumers. At the other end of thescale, a domestic user of a PC has to re-boot the PC dueto a transient voltage dip, causing annoyance to thatand other similarly affected users. Therefore,transporters and users of electrical energy have becomemuch more interested in the nature and frequency of disturbances in the power supply. The topic has becomeknown by the title of Power Quality.
23.2 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SYSTEMDISTURBANCES
To make the study of Power Quality problems useful, thevarious types of disturbances need to be classified bymagnitude and duration. This is especially important formanufacturers and users of equipment that may be atrisk. Manufacturers need to know what is expected of their equipment, and users, through monitoring, candetermine if an equipment malfunction is due to adisturbance or problems within the equipment itself.Not surprisingly, standards have been introduced tocover this field. They define the types and sizes of disturbance, and the tolerance of various types of equipment to the possible disturbances that may beencountered.The principal standards in this field are IEC 61000, EN50160, and IEEE 1159. Standards are essential formanufacturers and users alike, to define what is
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reasonable in terms of disturbances that might occur andwhat equipment should withstand.Table 23.1 provides a broad classification of thedisturbances that may occur on a power system, sometypical causes of them and the potential impact onequipment. From this Table, it will be evident that theelectricity supply waveform, often thought of ascomposed of pure sinusoidal quantities, can suffer a widevariety of disturbances. The following sections of thisChapter describe the causes in more detail, along withmethods of measurement and possible remedialmeasures.Table 23.2 lists the limits given in Standard EN 50160and notes where other standards have similar limits.For computer equipment, a common standard thatmanufacturers use is the ITI (Information TechnologyIndustry) curve, illustrated in Figure 23.1. Voltagedisturbances that lie in the area indicated as ‘safe’should not cause a malfunction in any way.However, some disturbances at LV levels that lie withinthe boundaries defined by EN50160 might cause amalfunction because they do not lie in the safe area of the ITI curve. It may be necessary to check carefullywhich standards are applicable when consideringequipment susceptibility.
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Tripping of sensitiveequipmentResetting of controlsystemsMotor stalling/trippingTripping of sensitiveequipmentDamage to insulationand windingsDamage to powersupplies for electronicequipmentProblems with equipmentthat requires constantsteady-state voltageMal-operation of sensitiveequipment and relaysCapacitor fuse orcapacitor failuresTelephone interferenceNegligible most of timeMotors run slowerDe-tuning of harmonicfiltersFlicker in:Fluorescent lampsIncandescent lampsLight flickerTripping of equipmentOverheating inmotors/generatorsInterruption of 3-phaseoperationLoss of supplyto customer equipmentComputer shutdownsMotor trippingAll equipmentwithout backupsupply facilitiesControl system resettingDamage to sensitiveelectronic componentsDamage to insulation
Table 23.1: Power Quality issues
Voltage dips Voltage surgesOvervoltageHarmonicsPower frequencyvariation VoltagefluctuationRapid voltagechange VoltageimbalanceShort and longvoltageinterruptionsUndervoltageTransientsLocal and remote faultsInductive loadingSwitch on of large loadsCapacitor switchingSwitch off of large loadsPhase faultsLoad switchingCapacitor switchingSystem voltage regulationIndustrial furnacesNon-linear loadsTransformers/generatorsRectifier equipmentLoss of generationExtreme loadingconditionsAC motor drivesInter-harmonic currentcomponentsWelding and arc furnacesMotor startingTransformer tapchangingUnbalanced loadsUnbalancedimpedancesPower system faultsEquipment failuresControl malfunctionsCB trippingHeavy network loadingLoss of generationPoor power factorLack of var supportLightningCapacitive switchingNon –linear switching loadsSystem voltage regulation
CategoryCausesImpacts
Type of Voltage Limits from Measurement Typical Other applicabledisturbance Level EN50160 period duration standards
Voltage230V+/- 10%95% of - Variation1 week Voltage Dips230V10-1000/year10ms –1secIEEE 1159230V5% to 10%Several ShortRapid voltageper daydurationchanges1kV-35kV<6%Per dayShortIEEE 1159durationShort230V>99%20-200Up to 3 minsEN61000-4-11Interruptionsper yearLong230V>99%10-50>3 minsIEEE 1159Interruptionsper yearTransient230V GenerallyNot specified<1msIEEE 1159Overvoltage<6kV Voltage230V unbalanceUndervoltage230V<-10%Not specified>1 minIEEE 1159 Voltage surge230V <150% of Not specified>200msIEEE 1159nominal voltage Voltage230V3%10 min<200msIEC 60827fluctuationsFrequency+/- 1%
95% of 1 week
Not specified
Measured over 10s
variation+4%, -6%
100% of 1 week
Not specified
Measured over 10s
HarmonicsTHD<8% up 95% of Not specifiedto 40th1 week
Table 23.2: Power system disturbance classification to EN 50160
0.0010Duration of disturbance (ms)0.010.111010010000100000501001502002503003504004505001000
Percentageofnominalvoltage(r.m.s.)
Affected by disturbanceAffected by disturbanceWithstanddisturbance
Figure 23.1: ITI curve for equipment susceptibility
Chap23 exe 20/06/02 16:21 Page 412
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