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Ebook561 pages8 hours
Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World
By Jill Jonnes
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
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About this ebook
The gripping history of electricity and how the fateful collision of Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and George Westinghouse left the world utterly transformed.
In the final decades of the nineteenth century, three brilliant and visionary titans of America’s Gilded Age—Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and George Westinghouse—battled bitterly as each vied to create a vast and powerful electrical empire. In Empires of Light, historian Jill Jonnes portrays this extraordinary trio and their riveting and ruthless world of cutting-edge science, invention, intrigue, money, death, and hard-eyed Wall Street millionaires. At the heart of the story are Thomas Alva Edison, the nation’s most famous and folksy inventor, creator of the incandescent light bulb and mastermind of the world’s first direct current electrical light networks; the Serbian wizard of invention Nikola Tesla, elegant, highly eccentric, a dreamer who revolutionized the generation and delivery of electricity; and the charismatic George Westinghouse, Pittsburgh inventor and tough corporate entrepreneur, an industrial idealist who in the era of gaslight imagined a world powered by cheap and plentiful electricity and worked heart and soul to create it.
Edison struggled to introduce his radical new direct current (DC) technology into the hurly-burly of New York City as Tesla and Westinghouse challenged his dominance with their alternating current (AC), thus setting the stage for one of the eeriest feuds in American corporate history, the War of the Electric Currents. The battlegrounds: Wall Street, the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, Niagara Falls, and, finally, the death chamber—Jonnes takes us on the tense walk down a prison hallway and into the sunlit room where William Kemmler, convicted ax murderer, became the first man to die in the electric chair.
In the final decades of the nineteenth century, three brilliant and visionary titans of America’s Gilded Age—Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and George Westinghouse—battled bitterly as each vied to create a vast and powerful electrical empire. In Empires of Light, historian Jill Jonnes portrays this extraordinary trio and their riveting and ruthless world of cutting-edge science, invention, intrigue, money, death, and hard-eyed Wall Street millionaires. At the heart of the story are Thomas Alva Edison, the nation’s most famous and folksy inventor, creator of the incandescent light bulb and mastermind of the world’s first direct current electrical light networks; the Serbian wizard of invention Nikola Tesla, elegant, highly eccentric, a dreamer who revolutionized the generation and delivery of electricity; and the charismatic George Westinghouse, Pittsburgh inventor and tough corporate entrepreneur, an industrial idealist who in the era of gaslight imagined a world powered by cheap and plentiful electricity and worked heart and soul to create it.
Edison struggled to introduce his radical new direct current (DC) technology into the hurly-burly of New York City as Tesla and Westinghouse challenged his dominance with their alternating current (AC), thus setting the stage for one of the eeriest feuds in American corporate history, the War of the Electric Currents. The battlegrounds: Wall Street, the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, Niagara Falls, and, finally, the death chamber—Jonnes takes us on the tense walk down a prison hallway and into the sunlit room where William Kemmler, convicted ax murderer, became the first man to die in the electric chair.
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Reviews for Empires of Light
Rating: 3.9866665533333334 out of 5 stars
4/5
75 ratings9 reviews
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Fascinating account of the travails of bringing electricity into modern life. Thomas Edison, the legendarily stubborn folksy inventor, Nikola Tesla, the true electrical genius, and George Westinghouse, the far sighted business mogul, all dreamed of spreading the power of electricity throughout the world. Highlights include the bank runs of 1894, Chicago World's Fair, Niagara Falls and the financial panic of 1907. The outcome of the competition between direct & indirect current systems is now taken for granted but vital at the time. All the original characters eventually lost control of their business to financial backers. The book was published in 2003 but somehow strangely current with this 1894 quote "many Americans had come to view the notion as a struggle for it's very being, putting the rich against the ordinary folk". The comprehensive approach to the subject provides a more satisfying approach to US History the lists of battles and politicians.
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5This was the story of Thomas Alva Edison, George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla , who collectively and individually did so much to change the economic and physical conditions of everyone in the world. About a year ago I read a novel about these three individuals. It incorporated factual events but also turned their lives into a melodramatic soap opera, so of course it was sold to Hollywood. I wanted to know the real story behind the spread of electricity and these brilliant, ambitious and driven men. "Empires of Light" is what I was looking for.Edison was a partially deaf inventor who got his start with the telegraph. Westinghouse was a Pittsburgh industrialist who made his name with inventions for railroads. Tesla was a Serbian genius and dandy with OCD. Most of the book was devoted to the AC/DC battle. Edison was the advocate of direct current although it involved setting up numerous central stations because it couldn't travel more than half a mile. He thought alternating current was too dangerous and recommended its use in capital punishment. It was, in fact, used in the first electric chair. Westinghouse and Tesla believed in the future of alternating current, and AC ultimately prevailed once a way was found to lessen the danger. The war continued to be fought at The White City fair in Chicago. I liked the author's description of the dazzle, spectacle and magic of electricity at the fair. Inventions of all three men were featured there. In edition to the spread of electricity, these men were also instrumental in the development of light bulbs, phonographs, movies, iron ore extraction, wireless transmission, radios and much more and were the holders of thousands of patents. They faced setbacks in their commercial operations, however, and both Edison and Westinghouse wound up being ousted from their companies by financiers. Tesla never was particularly adept at exploiting the commercial possibilities of his inventions.This book was comprehensive, sometimes to a fault. I know that there is tendency, when you have done a lot of research, to want to include everything you found out, but some descriptions and details could have been omitted. I also wanted to skip over the dog electrocution experiments and the details of the first execution, but it's hard to do in an audiobook. However, it was fascinating to read about how these men converged.
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Written like a novel with much supposition, it nevertheless has enough to give a historian an idea what was going on.
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Extremely interesting story of how electricity came to power the machinery of America and how AC power became the main thing over DC power. Also includes the stories of Edison, Westinghouse, and Tesla, three important figures involved with electricity. Highly recommended !
- Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5If you are looking for a highly technical book then this one isn't for you, the book is more about the business and people that made electricity possible today than about explaining how the science works, and that's fine, it was what I was looking for right now, though it wouldn't have hurt a bit more of explanation.
- Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5I seem to have a bad track record in picking technology. I was one of those who plumped for HD-DVD instead of the now-ubiquitous Blu-Ray; I was obsessed with my MiniDisc player long after music companies had stopped bothering to release anything on the format; and back home, in a cupboard somewhere, my family still has the old Betamax player that I remember trying to get excited about while all my friends had gone with VHS. It was better, I'm telling you!!So I sympathise with those on the wrong side of the original standards war – the nineteenth-century showdown between DC and AC electricity. At stake was limitless commercial opportunity, as American cities gradually became convinced of the benefits of adopting electric power; and each side of the debate had its own big-name champions.In the red corner, for DC, the Wizard of Menlo Park himself – Thomas Edison. He pumped millions of dollars and several years of his life into the quest to find a practical commercial lightbulb, and DC power was the lynchpin of his schemes for expansion.Against him, in the blue corner, was a dream combination of genius industrialist George Westinghouse, and crazed ahead-of-his-time dreamer Nikola Tesla, who both saw the possibilities of AC.The battle was astonishingly acrimonious, and full of bizarre turns. When the state of New York began to consider whether electricity might make a more humane alternative to hanging as a form of capital punishment, Edison and his DC supporters immediately wrote to the authorities to recommend AC power, hoping to rebrand their opponents' standard as ‘the executioner's current’. (The first victim of the electric chair was indeed executed – messily and not quickly – by alternating current in Buffalo in 1890.)It has become fashionable in this narrative to revere Tesla as a maligned visionary, and consequently to cast Edison as an uncreative drudge who just happened to be superbly well funded. There is a grain of truth somewhere in this, but it's also clear that Tesla could be difficult and he was not good at communicating (let alone monetising) his ideas. His catalogue of OCDish, quasi-autistic foibles didn't help:He (silently) counted each step he took as he made his early morning walk down to the Ivry factory. Every activity ideally had to be divisible by three (hence the twenty-seven laps each morning in the Seine). Before eating or drinking anything, he felt obliged to calculate its cubic contents. He deeply disliked shaking hands with anyone. He had a ‘violent aversion against the earrings of women,’ pearls above all. ‘I would not touch the hair of other people except, perhaps, at the point of a revolver.’ The mere sight of a peach brought on a fever. Moreover, Tesla could (and happily did) recite long swathes of Serbian poetry from heart.He sounds amazing fun, but a bit of a nightmare as a business partner.In the end, Tesla was right but naïve, while Edison was wrong but stubborn. George Westinghouse (the unexpected hero of the book) found the best balance. The fact is that DC power is simply very inefficient and expensive over long distances, and a new generator was needed in every square mile to be powered – one every few blocks, in town. AC, by contract, can be transmitted vast distances, so that a remote hydroelectric station can light up cities that are many miles away.I would have liked more scientific detail on the physics behind all this, and as it was I had to supplement this book with various enlightening excursions to Wikipedia and YouTube. Jonnes also allows herself to get a bit carried away on occasion (‘one of those delicious fall Saturdays where the very air shimmers sweetly, full of life's promise and yet tempered by autumnal tristesse’…tristesse, really?).Nevertheless, this story of America's Gilded Age and the personalities behind the electric revolution is very well told. It was a time of remarkable, almost unbelievable scientific progress, and progress moreover that was immediately pumped visibly into commercial circulation. It wasn't like the Higgs Boson; a breakthrough in the lab on Monday would be crowbarred onto the High Street by the weekend. The effect must have been like living in a science-fiction novel. (But then what do I know; I said the same thing about my Betamax.)
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Electricity - something that is much in the news lately thanks to Superstorm Sandy and the impact of power outages in the Northeast, but over one hundred years ago, during the final decades of the19th century, three visionaries fought over the world and how it should be electrified.The most famous was, of course, Thomas Edison, and with his invention of the incandescent light bulb, he jumped to the forefront. Most people, if asked will name Edison as the chief person responsible for the electricity that we know today, however, Edison was insistent on the DC (direct current) version of electricity whereas Nikola Tesla, a Serb immigrant, and one-time Edison employee, devised an AC (alternating current) generator and along with George Westinghouse championed the AC current we know today.Edison was the darling of the media because of previous inventions (phonograph, stock ticker, vote recorder) and his creation the incandescent light bulb, while Westinghouse was content to sit in the background - his inventions of the railroad air brakes and automatic signaling systems increased safety but weren't glamorous. Westinghouse worked to improve products stating "My ambition is to give as many persons as possible an opportunity to earn money by their own efforts." He was a man for the labor forces - giving higher wages, ½ day Saturdays, disability benefits, and pensions.Westinghouse invented the first transformer which allowed Alternating Current service for small wider areas while Edison's DC company could not handle anything that was not within a short distance of the power plant. Yet Edison was furious that Westinghouse was cutting in on his action. Edison expected that the entire electrical empire should belong to him. Edison fought ruthlessly against the advancement of the DC current contingent even attempting to discredit its safety by having NY state use it for their death penalty executions. However, the Westinghouse Electric Company was successful in showing the benefits of the AC when they were awarded two much sought after contracts - the lighting of the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 and the Niagara Falls Power plant (in conjunction with N. Tesla). Each of these projects was a major prize for Westinghouse, and insult to GE (Edison had already been bought out).But as much as Westinghouse armed with Tesla's patents was able to electrify larger areas, he still had to deal with money men and several times in the last decades of the century he was put into difficult financial positions. Once, to stave off the company floundering, Tesla agreed to forgo royalties (estimates of $17.5 Million in his lifetime) for his patents so that the Westinghouse Electric Co. would stay afloat and continue to champion the Alternating Current path.In the Panic of 1907 when national banking and finance had a meltdown, Westinghouse was forced to file for bankruptcy even though the companies were profitable. European expansion had drained his cash and he was unable to pay certain loans. He lost control of Westinghouse Electric and his spirit was broken. But his vision for the betterment of all, not just the elite continued and thrived to this day.The alternating current envisioned by Tesla and put into reality by Westinghouse has made it possible for the amazing advancements through the 20th and into the 21st century.
- Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5A very well researched and written historical novel. Reads like a fast-moving, suspenseful fiction piece. Only complaints: paragraphs could get pretty long and I really, really wish there were more diagrams. There were some really basic ones at the beginning, but it would have been cool had they carried on and shown how the more complex technologies operated as the meat of the story developed.
- Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Relatively interesting history, entertainingly told. But told thoroughly from secondary sources, which made it less immediate.