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OVERVIEW OF THE ENGLISH VERBOVERVIEW OF THE ENGLISH VERBOVERVIEW OF THE ENGLISH VERBOVERVIEW OF THE ENGLISH VERB1. The Grammatical Hierarchy:. The Grammatical Hierarchy:. The Grammatical Hierarchy:. The Grammatical Hierarchy:ILLUSTRATION:1 Sentence1 Sentence1 Sentence1 SentenceIf I wash up all this stuff somebody else can dry it2 Clauses2 Clauses2 Clauses2 Clauses If I wash up all this stuff somebody else can dry it7 Phrases7 Phrases7 Phrases7 PhrasesIf I wash up all this stuff somebody else can dry it12 Words12 Words12 Words12 WordsIf I wash up all this stuff somebody else can dry it13 Morphemes13 Morphemes13 Morphemes13 MorphemesIf I wash up all this stuff some body else can dry itPhonemesPhonemesPhonemesPhonemesGraphemesGraphemesGraphemesGraphemes2. At2. At2. At2. At eacheacheacheach levelevelevelevel of the hierarchy we need to describe :l of the hierarchy we need to describe :l of the hierarchy we need to describe :l of the hierarchy we need to describe :

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STRUCTURE / FORMSTRUCTURE / FORMSTRUCTURE / FORMSTRUCTURE / FORM

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ROLE WITHIN SYNTAX / WORD ORDERROLE WITHIN SYNTAX / WORD ORDERROLE WITHIN SYNTAX / WORD ORDERROLE WITHIN SYNTAX / WORD ORDER

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MEANING (SEMANTICSMEANING (SEMANTICSMEANING (SEMANTICSMEANING (SEMANTICS))))

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USE (DISCOURSE FUNCTION)USE (DISCOURSE FUNCTION)USE (DISCOURSE FUNCTION)USE (DISCOURSE FUNCTION)

3. SENTENCES:3. SENTENCES:3. SENTENCES:3. SENTENCES: Aim of a grammar - to describe the way a language's sentences are constructed.4 . MULTIPLE SENT4 . MULTIPLE SENT4 . MULTIPLE SENT4 . MULTIPLE SENTENCESENCESENCESENCESSentences, then, may consist of just one clause, or more than one clause. A one-clause sentence is called asimple sentence. A sentence which can be immediately analysed into more than one clause is called amultiple sentence.5.MULTIPLE SENTENCES5.MULTIPLE SENTENCES5.MULTIPLE SENTENCES5.MULTIPLE SENTENCES –––– Compound sentences (COORDINATION), Complex SentencesCompound sentences (COORDINATION), Complex SentencesCompound sentences (COORDINATION), Complex SentencesCompound sentences (COORDINATION), Complex Sentences(SUBORDINATION) and combinations of both processes(SUBORDINATION) and combinations of both processes(SUBORDINATION) and combinations of both processes(SUBORDINATION) and combinations of both processesWhen clauses are combined by coordination we have a compound sentence. Coordination is between twoclauses that are syntactically equivalent. The main coordinators are andandandand, butbutbutbut and or.or.or.or.

EgEgEgEg

The cat chased the dog and the cow jumped over the moon and the man sailed to sea in a tub

When the combination involves the embedding of one clause within another (an unequal relationship) wehave subordination and a complex sentence. There are dozens of subordinators – when, if, whether, thatwhen, if, whether, thatwhen, if, whether, thatwhen, if, whether, thatwhich, etc.which, etc.which, etc.which, etc.

Eg. I answered the door when Jack rang the bellAnd, of course, we can have sentences that have both coordinated and subordinated clauses.6.6.6.6. FOURFOURFOURFOUR TYPES OF BASIC SENTENCESTYPES OF BASIC SENTENCESTYPES OF BASIC SENTENCESTYPES OF BASIC SENTENCES WITH RESPECT TO MAJOR USES INWITH RESPECT TO MAJOR USES INWITH RESPECT TO MAJOR USES INWITH RESPECT TO MAJOR USES IN COMMUNICATION :COMMUNICATION :COMMUNICATION :COMMUNICATION :DECLARATIVESDECLARATIVESDECLARATIVESDECLARATIVES – statements - The dog is called Snoopy.INTERROGATIVESINTERROGATIVESINTERROGATIVESINTERROGATIVES – questions - Where is the dog?IMPERATIVESIMPERATIVESIMPERATIVESIMPERATIVES – directives – Bring Snoopy to me.EXCLAMATIVESEXCLAMATIVESEXCLAMATIVESEXCLAMATIVES – exclamations – He’s so cute!7.7.7.7. POLARITYPOLARITYPOLARITYPOLARITY : Positive and Negative SentencesPositive and Negative SentencesPositive and Negative SentencesPositive and Negative SentencesSnoopy is here / Snoopy isn’t here8.8.8.8. VOICEVOICEVOICEVOICE : Active and Passive SentencesActive and Passive SentencesActive and Passive SentencesActive and Passive SentencesThe president cut the cut.The cake was cut by the president.9. LOOKING CLOSELY AT CLAUSES9. LOOKING CLOSELY AT CLAUSES9. LOOKING CLOSELY AT CLAUSES9. LOOKING CLOSELY AT CLAUSES –––– TYPICAL CLAUSE FEATTYPICAL CLAUSE FEATTYPICAL CLAUSE FEATTYPICAL CLAUSE FEATURESURESURESURESTypically:

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Finite verb form (bearing tense)

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Declarative

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Active Voice

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Positive

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Without recursive and embedded structures.The teacher / has called / me / a fool / twiceThe teacher / has called / me / a fool / twiceThe teacher / has called / me / a fool / twiceThe teacher / has called / me / a fool / twice

10: WHAT IS A CLAUSE MADE OF?10: WHAT IS A CLAUSE MADE OF?10: WHAT IS A CLAUSE MADE OF?10: WHAT IS A CLAUSE MADE OF? CLAUSE ELEMENTS:CLAUSE ELEMENTS:CLAUSE ELEMENTS:CLAUSE ELEMENTS:All clauses are made up of elements, each expressing a particular kind of meaning.There are just five types of clause element. All five appear in this sentence:1.

The first element in this sentence is the subjectsubjectsubjectsubject (S).(S).(S).(S). The subject usually identifies the theme or topicof the clause.2.

The second element is the verb (V).verb (V).verb (V).verb (V). The verb expresses a wide range of meanings, such as actions,sensations, or states of being.3.

The third element is the object (0)object (0)object (0)object (0).... Objects identify who or what has been directly affected by theaction of the verb.4.

The fourth element is the complementcomplementcomplementcomplement (C(C(C(C). Complements give further information about another clause element. In the above sentence, a fool adds to the meaning of me.5.

The fifth element is the adverbial (A).adverbial (A).adverbial (A).adverbial (A). Adverbials usually add information about the situation, suchas the time of an action, or (as in the above sentence) its frequency.11. What are Clause Elements made of?11. What are Clause Elements made of?11. What are Clause Elements made of?11. What are Clause Elements made of?A clause element is NOT the same as a word. An element may be a single word, or several words. Inmultiple sentences some clause elements can consist of a whole clause or whole clausesI left when the sun rose and after I had a good meal12. TYPES OF CLAUSES: How Clause Elements can combine:12. TYPES OF CLAUSES: How Clause Elements can combine:12. TYPES OF CLAUSES: How Clause Elements can combine:12. TYPES OF CLAUSES: How Clause Elements can combine:Clause elements combine usually in only seven basic clause types. Each type consists of two, three, or four elements.The seven basic clause typesS: subject, V: verb, 0: object, C: complement, A: adverbial1.

S + VS + VS + VS + V - Julia / yawned2.

S + V + 0S + V + 0S + V + 0S + V + 0 - Julia / cooked / a meal3.

S + V + CS + V + CS + V + CS + V + C - Julia /is / pretty4.

S + V + AS + V + AS + V + AS + V + A - Julia / cooks / well5.

S +V + 0 + OS +V + 0 + OS +V + 0 + OS +V + 0 + O - Julia / gave /me / a cake6.

S + V + O + CS + V + O + CS + V + O + CS + V + O + C - Julia / got /her apron /dirty.7.

S + V + O + AS + V + O + AS + V + O + AS + V + O + A - Julia / put / the cake /on the tableNOTE :NOTE :NOTE :NOTE : A number of optional adverbials such– luckily, already, later, twice, perhaps –Can be added to any of these basic clause types.