(c)
Abstraction occurs not only directly from channel flow (irrigation, watersupplies etc.) butalso from groundwater sources through wells, boreholes etc. The formerwill affect discharge levels whilst the latter will affect water tables,baseflow and ultimately channel flow. Storage will be seen largely in termsof reservoirs. These increase surface storage, regulate channel flow,ironing out flood peaks etc. It also deprives water from the lower parts of the catchment (e.g. Nile, Colorado etc.). Evapotranspiration rates mayalso increase as may groundwater supplies in part of the catchment anddecrease elsewhere. (8 - 10)
J 04 (Nuryante Telantang)6(b) Input is the main product that is needed in a hydrological cycle. Example of input is precipitation, it form as rain or snow that falls down from the atmosphere.Outputs are processes involved in hydrological cycle.Output is where water flow outof the system either by process of evaporation, transpiration and river run-off .Evaporation is when liquid water turns into vapour or water loss back to atmospherefrom water bodies such as lake, sea, river or water intercepted in leavesandtranspiration is the process by which plants release water through tiny holes/porescalled stomata on the underside of their leaves.(c ) When the land is deforested, there will be no trees to intercept rainwater.Rainwater will flow over the land at a fast speed and there will be less water infiltrated into soil. Thus groundwater storage have less water. Water are collected inpuddles or ponds creating depression storage on the surface of the land. Thedrainage basin will also have a high discharge. If the land is urbanised, the water willhave no access to soak into the ground because the area is made of concrete.Concrete is an example of an impermeable rockmakes the ground to becomeimpermeablewhich means it doesn’t allow any water to pass. through due to thepresence of small pores spaces.Infiltration will be less but surface runoff will be active. Thus the discharge in thedrainage basin will be high. Area with trees presence encourage high amount of water to infiltrate into the ground. Water will also be stored in leaves as interceptionstorage. Roots of trees create pathways for water to move into the soil, water storedin the ground as groundwater storage. Surface runoff will be less active and thewater will mostly flow by baseflow and throughflow and reach the drainage basinslowly. The discharge will be low.N’07 (Syafinna Salong)6(a) (i) Precipitation intensity is amount of rainfallover a period of time, e.g. heavyrainfall is said to have a high intensity precipitation rate and light or drizzle rainfallhas low intensity precipitation rate.Antecendent moisture is the amount of water already in the soil,if it becomesaturated after a storm it will overflow and might cause flooding.(ii) If precipitation intensity exceeds infiltration capacity, overland flow is generatedwhich mean shorter lagtime for the water to reach the stream and high surface run-off. This creates steeper rising limb and high discharge. Prolonged drizzle will
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