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Mark scheme for Holiday’s Hw on Hydrology, SMSO.Nov 06 (Maswanah bte Malau, block 1)
1.
(a) Hydrological cycle is the process of continuous movement of water fromatmosphere to land, river and back to atmosphere as it continues again in ariver basin which input is by precipitation through the via flows and stores andthe output by evapotranspiration, river run-off & stores.(b) (i) Groundwater storage-where the water is held in pores, and cervices and itsunderlying bedrock below water table.(ii) Surface storage-where the water that is not intercepted by vegetation held on theground surface and fill in small depression, for example lake, puddles and etc.(c ) Throughflow- the flow of water through the soil. It occurs when the rate of water falling on the ground surface infiltrate to the soil is greater for the process of percolation which is for the water reaches downwards into the soil.(d) Groundwater flow is water that has infiltrated and percolated into the underlyingbedrocks that then move laterally to the river channel.June 07 (Nurul Qamra Izzati bte Othman, Block 1)1 (a) A – surface run-off(b) Base flow.(2)(b) Interception storage means first raindrops of a rainfall event that fall onvegetation which shelters the underlying ground (water collect in leaves). (1)(c ) Firstly, water from surface storage will enters the soil. This process is know asinfiltration. After that, the water undergoes the process of percolation where movesfurther down the ground and tend to be more compact (slow movement) createground water storage. (3)June 06. (Siti khalizah muhaimin)6(a) (i) Interception –the first raindrops of a rainfall event that will fall on vegetationand shelters the underlying grounds.Stemflow: the water that reaches the ground when it flows down the trunk. (4)(ii) Water balance is the state where both input and output in a drainage basin isequal. Input (precipitation) and output (evaporation, transpiration and river run-off)(2)(b)
 
As we can see the land use in woodland have a gentle-slope type of graph. It is anarea where covered with vegetation. Vegetation may help to prevent flooding byintercepting rainfall where storing the moisture on its leaves, before it evaporatesback into atmosphere that’s why it has longer lag time for the water to reach thestream. It is also having low peak discharged while in the urbanisation area it hassteep slope type of graph. In urbanisation, it increased the flood risk as water cannotinfiltrate through tarmac and concrete, and gutters and drains carry water morequickly to the nearest river. Small streams may be either canalised so that the water flows away more quickly or culverted, which allows only limited amount water to passthrough at one time. It has short lagtime and having high peak discharge. (8)Sitinor Majidah bte Mohd Yusof (c) Abstraction occurs not only directly from channel flow (irrigation, water suppliesetc) but also from groundwater sources through wells, boreholes etc. The former willaffect discharge levels and later will affect water tables, base flow and mostly onchannel flow. Storage will be seen largely in terms of reservoirs. These increasesurface storage, regulate channel flow etc. It also deprives water from the lower parts of catchment. Evapotranspiration rates may also increases as maygroundwater supplies in part of the catchment and decrease elsewhere.June 08 ( Azwina Salim)6 (a) Infiltration is the maximum rate at which water can pass through the soil. Whilegroundwater is where water which is held in pores and cervices and its underlyingrocks.(ii) When the rainfall has high intensity, the ground will be saturated, infiltration will bereplaced by surface run-off or overland flow which this situation will lately formflooding. which may lead to flooding the area.For low intensity rainfall, such as drizzle rainfall much of the water will infiltrate intothe soil but less will overflow of the surface as surface run-off thus this area is lesslikely to be flood.(b) (i) Soil and geology:Firstly, it will affected by the soil types, which there are two types of soil; sandy soiland clayey. The sandy soils have large pore spaces which lead to rapid infiltrationand it do not encourage flooding, while the clay type of soil have much smaller poresspaces and particles coagulate (stick together) which will reduce infiltration rate andthroughflow but encourages surface run-off and increases the risk of flooding. Inother words sandy soil area will have a lower discharge while clayey area will have ahigh discharge and prone to flooding. Then this also will be affected by the geologyof the rock type, there are also two types of rock; permeable and impermeable. Thepermeable rocks permit rapid infiltration, so there will be little surface run-off andlimited number of surface streams, while the impermeable rocks do not allow water to pass through them or no infiltration so they produce more surface run-off and a
 
greater number of streams. So in other words permeable rocks area will have lowdischarge while the impermeable rocks area will have high discharge even will causeflooding.Storm hydrograph by Kevin (good answer is to include diagrams and explaination)
Diagram to show storm hydrograph of different type of soil, geology and slopesteepness.
(ii) Slope (Mohd Afifi Ishak)
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