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MARK SCHEME (TEST ON RIVER):
1.
(a)
Velocity 
means speed of flow over time (m/s
2
) at a point in a riverchannel or over a set of distance.(2)
Discharge
is the volume or flow of water passing a gauging station in ariver at a particular time (or) Amount of water originating fromprecipitation that reaches channel by direct precipitation, overlandflow,throughflow and baseflow.(2)(ii) Choose one of the following factors:Factors that can affect the velocity of a river are:(i)
Roughness of river bed 
:A river channel with rough river bed, with protruding rocks in river bed,will have lower velocity if compared to a river channel with smoothriver bed. This is because much of the energy is used up or loss toovercome frictionsof river beds and banks.(ii)Relief of river channel:A river channel with steep slope will have high velocity compared to ariver channel with gentle slope.(iii)Channel shape in cross-section of a river:A river channel with narrow and deep cross-section will have highvelocity if compared to a river channel with wide and shallow cross-section.(b)
 
Plan view of a braided stream.Development of a braided channel.A braided channel has small islands or eyots of deposited materialwithin the channel. It tends to occur in streams where load contains ahigh proportion of coarser sands and gravels. It is a characteristic of streams and rivers with very variable discharges common in semi-aridenvironment or glacial fed streams.In Semi-arid environment, torrential downpours lead to overland flowcreating stream with high velocity and large load. Rapid evaporationand infiltration following a storm decreases volume and velocity of thestream resulting in the deposition of load.In streams fed by glaciers high discharge occurs when ice melts insummer but low discharge in winter. At time of high discharge streamis capable of transporting large load. When velocity decreases, thestream capacity and competency also decreases thus large load will bedeposited to form eyots and cause stream to divide into smallerstreams.
2.
Floodplain is a low-lying area of sediment develops on either sides of channel. It is often circumscribes by bluff and levees. Areas
 
characterized by frequent flooding. It gives rise to rich sediments whichmake soil fertile for farming and developments of levees.Floodplains may present problems for the settlements because thisarea is low-lying and thus prone to flooding, e.g. Bangladesh. Buildingsettlements on floodplains will disturb ground and surface flow withinthe floodplains.1 (a) (i) Turbulence flow means irregular eddying (vertical and horizontal)type of flow associated with channel roughness or rapids.Helicoidal flow means a corkscrew flow within downstream flow of a rivermeander. It moves from inside to outside banks of meander.(b) (i) Choose two of the following:(i)Attrition: load hit each other making it smaller and rounded such aspebbles.(ii)Abrasion: dragging of angular fragments along the channel flow.(iii)Solution: Action of acidic water on limestones or chalk.(iv)Hydraulic action: force of water/ water pressure open up joints or cracks.(c ) Waterfall and gorges.
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