MINERALS IN THE EARTHS CRUST

Are element or compounds which exist naturally in the Earths crust.

Minerals
Natural Compounds Natural Elements

Gold

Silver

Platinum

Oxides Iron oxide Tin oxide

Sulphides Lead sulphide Iron sulphide

Carbonates calcium carbonate copper carbonate

Silicates Calcium silicate China clay

Identifying the elements in natural compounds

No Natural Compound Mineral Haematite (Iron oxide) Cassiterite (Tin oxide) 2. Carbonate Malacite (Copper carbonate) 3. Sulphide Iron pyrite (Iron sulphide) Galena (Lead sulphide) 4. Silicate China Clay (Aluminium silicate) Calcium silicate Calcite (Calcium Carbonate) Elements

1. Oxide

Iron , oxygen Tin , oxygen Calcium, carbon, oxygen Copper, carbon, oxygen Iron, sulphur Lead, sulphur Aluminium, silicon, oxygen Calcium, silicon, oxygen

Properties of minerals 1. Every mineral has its own properties such as: a) Hardness b) Solubility in water c) Effect of heat Experiment Aim : The properties of minerals : To study the properties of minerals of carbonates, oxide and sulphides for several types of metal from these aspects. a) hardness b) solubility in water c) effect of heat : Iron oxide (hematite), Lead sulphide (galena), Copper carbon (malachite), lime water, acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution and water. : Bunsen burner, test tube, test tube holder, delivery tube with stopper, asbestos sheet.

Materials Apparatus

Activity 1 : Hardness Procedure : 1. Scratch the mineral samples using your fingernail or coin to determine their hardness. 2. Record your observation Activity 2 : Solubility in water Procedure : 1. Put a spatula of mineral sample into a test tube and add water until the test tube is half full. 2. Close the test tube with a rubber stopper and shake it vigorously. 3. Record your observation.

Activity 3: Effect of heat

Procedure :1. Put a little iron oxide, lead sulphide and copper carbonate in three separate test tube. 2. Heat the minerals. Test the gas released from a) The iron oxide with a glowing splinter. b) The lead sulphide with potassium manganate (VII) solution. c) The copper carbonate with limewater 3. Record your observation

Observation:
Type of mineral a) b) Hematite (Iron oxide) Galena (Lead sulphide) Malacite (Copper carbonate)

Propertise of mineral Hardness hard Solubility in water

Does not dissolve Does not dissolve

Effect of heat Observation

No change Acidified potassium manganate (VII) change form purple to _____________ colorless Lime water turns ________ cloudy

Gas released
None

hard

Sulphur dioxide Carbon dioxide

c)

hard

Does not dissolve

Results
a) Lead sulphide + oxygen b) Copper carbonate heat heat Lead oxide

Sulphur dioxide

Copper oxide

+ Carbon dioxide

REACTION OF METAL AND NON - METALS 1. Most metal react with oxygen to form metal oxide. Metal + oxygen metal oxide

Example: a) Magnesium + oxygen b) Zinc + oxygen Magnesium oxide Zinc oxide

2. Different metals have different reactivity with oxygen

REACTION OF METALS WITH SULPHUR 1. Most metals react with sulphur to form metal sulphide Metal + sulphur metal sulphide

Example: a) Iron b) Zinc + + sulphur sulphur iron sulphide zinc sulphide

2. Different metal have different reactivity

Silicon Compound 1. Silicon in the second most abundant element in the Earths Crust Silicon compound

Silica Consist of silicon and oxygen. It also known as silicon dioxide. Example: a) sand b) quartz c) gemstone

silicate Consist of silicon, oxygen and metals Example: a) clay b) asbestos c) mica d) feldspar e) jade

Properties of silicon compound 1. Silicon compounds are stable minerals because: a) They are not soluble in water b) They do not react with acid c) They do not decompose when heated

 glassware fire insulators fireproof materials electrical insulators Sand Asbestos Usage of silicon compound Gemstone ruby jade topaz capacitors as insulator in electric ion, microwave oven clay concrete mortar Feldspar

ceramic cement concrete

porcelain Ceramic bricks

mica

Sodium silicate to preserve eggs silica gel furniture polish

Calcium carbonate exits in many forms It consists of calcium, oxygen and carbon CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOUND

Bone

Examples of natural Calcium compound

Animal shell

Coral

Marble

Stalacites and stalagmites

The properties of calcium carbonate a) Does not dissolve in water b) React with acid to form salts, water and release carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate + dilute acid Examples : Calcium carbonate + Dilute sulphuric acid calcium sulphate + carbon dioxide + water salt + carbon dioxide + water

c) Decompose to produce calcium oxide (quick lime) and release carbon dioxide when heated over strong heat Calcium carbonate
heated

calcium oxide

carbon dioxide

Formation of calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate (lime stone) heated Calcium oxide(quicklime) + carbon dioxide a little water is added Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) ( hissing sound is heard) more water is added Calcium hydroxide solution (lime water)

Calcium carbonate treats acidic soil production cement, building and road antacid Calcium hydroxide treats acidic soil mortar concrete plaster and chalk paint lime water Uses of calcium Compounds

Calcium oxide treats acidic soil hydrating agent for ammonia gas preparation