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Quantitative Aptitude

-A quick reference

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Arithmetic

Types Real Numbers Rational Numbers Integers Common Decimals/fractions Terminating Non-Terminating Pure Recurring Mixed Recurring Irrational Integers

Description All numbers on Number Li ne Any number tha t can be represented in the form a /b, where a & b a re integers All Whole Numbers , wi thout a fra ctional or Decimal Pa rt All Numbers , wi th a fra ctional or Deci mal Pa rt For a/b, when remainder equals 0 For a/b, when remainder never comes to 0 Deci mals in whi ch all figures a fter decimal point Recur Deci mals in whi ch onl y some figures after decimal point Recur Non-Termina ting & Non-Repeati ng

Example

5 0.555, 0.567 = 0.5 0.777. 0.99999. 0.31222 2 = 1.414213

All Integers a re Numbers , but all Numbers a re not Integers 0 and 1 a re not Prime Numbers 2 is the fi rst/onl y even Pri me Number All Pri me numbers a re Positi ve Absolute Value of n = |n| = Distance between 0 and n on the number line. For exa mple, |-2| = 2

Types of Integers Types Whole or Counting Positive or Natural Negative Even Odd Prime Composite Consecutive Distinct Description All +ve numbers Grea ter than 0 Lesser than 0 Di vi ded by 2 wi th 0 as Remainder Di vi ded by 2 wi th 1 as Remainde r Grea ter than 1, wi th exa ctl y two integer fa ctors/di visors Any Number except 1 that is not Prime Set of Numbers wi th Fi xed interval Numbers wi th Di fferent Values Example {0,1,2,} {1,2,3,} {..,-3,-2,-1} {,-2,0,2,4,} {,-3,-1,1,3} {2,3,5,7,11,.} {4,6,8,9,10..} {1,2,3,4,.} 2 and 5

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Arithmetic Operations Addition, Subtra ction, Mul tipli ca tion and Di vision Subtra cting a number is same as adding i ts opposite Di vi ding by a number is the same as mul tipl ying i ts opposi te Di vi dend = (Di visor * Quotient) + Remainder Order of Operation PEMDAS : Pa rentheses Exponents Multipli ca tion Di vision Addi tion Subtra ction The opera ti ons of mul tiplica tion and di vision mus t be performed in order from left to ri ght The opera ti ons of mul tiplica tion and di vision mus t be performed before thos e of addi tion and subtra cti on

Laws of Operation Commuta ti ve Law of Opera tion Addi tion or Mul tiplica tion can be performed in any order wi thout changing the result Associati ve La w of Opera tion Addi tion or Mul tiplica tion can be regrouped in any order. Dis tributi ve La w of Opera tion Fa ctors can be dis tributed a cross the terms being added/subtra cted/mul tiplied/di vided. When the sum or difference is in the Denomina tor, no dis tributi on is appli cable

Divisibility Tests Tests Divisibility Test for 2 Divisibility Test for 3 Divisibility Test for 4 Divisibility Test for 5 Divisibility Test for 6 Divisibility Test for 8 Divisibility Test for 9 Divisibility Test for 10 Divisibility Test for 12 Description If Uni ts Digi t is di visible by 2 or is a multiple of 2 Sum of all di gits is di visible by 3 or is a mul tiple of 3 Number made by Tens and Uni ts Digi t is di visible by 4 or is a mul tiple of 4 If Uni ts Digi t is equal to 0 or 5 If i t is di visible both by 2 and 3. Las t three digi ts a re di visible by 8. Or if its di visible by 2 thri ce Sum of the di gits is di visible by 9 or mul tiple of 9 If las t Digi t is 0 If i t is Di visible by 3 and 4

The Product of n consecuti ve integers is alwa ys di visible by n, or is a mul tiple of n The Sum of n consecuti ve integers is alwa ys di visible by n, or is a mul tiple of n If there is one even Integer in a Consecuti ve series , the Product of the series is di visible by 2 If there a re two even Integer in a Consecuti ve series , the Product of the series is di visible by 4 If a is di visible by b, then a is also di visible by all the fa ctors of b

Greatest Common Factor GCF of two or more numbers is the la rges t integer that is a fa ctor of both numbers . For Exa mple, 6 is the GCF of 12 and 18.

Methods for Determining Prime Num bers: Tes t all the pri me numbers tha t fall below the approxima te squa re of the gi ven number Least Common Multiple Smallest common multiple of all the gi ven numbers

Adding and Subtracting with Odd and Even Numbers Tasks Even + Even or Odd + Odd Even + Odd Sum/Difference of two Even Sum/Difference of two Odd Sum/Difference of Even and Odd Description Sum and Difference is Even Sum and Difference is Odd Even Even Odd

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Multiplying and Dividing with Odd and Even Numbers Tasks Even * Even , Even/Even Odd * Odd, Odd/Odd Even * Odd, Even/Odd, Odd/Even Sum of any two Primes will be Even If sum of two pri mes is Odd, then one of the number mus t be 2 Product of any two numbers a and b = GCF * LCM Description Even Odd Even

Fractions and Decimals Converting Fractions to Decimals Step-1: Reduce the fra ction to i ts l owes t terms Step-2: Next, di vi de the numera tor by denomina tor

For example, 1/10 0.10 Converting Decimals to Fractions Step-1: Fi rs t Elimina te the deci mal poi nt, and wri te(Right to decimal Point) i t as the numera tor of the resul ting fra ction Step-2: Next, di vi de i t by 1 followed by as many zeroes as the number of pla ces to the ri ght of the decimal point of the gi ven number, and wri te that as the denomina tor of the resulti ng fra ction Step-3: Simplify the resul ting fra ction to i ts l owes t terms by di vi ding the numera tor and denomina tor by i ts GCF 0.10 10/100 1/10

For example,

Proper Fraction a/b, where a<b ; Improper Fraction a/b, where a>b ; Mixed Fraction a(b/c) A (b/c) ((c*a ) + b)/c Additi ve Inverse Nega ti ve of the Number Mul tipli ca ti ve Inverse Reciprocal of the Number Quotient of any gi ven number and its nega ti ve is -1 How to Simplify Fractions Method-1: To Reduce a fra ction to lowest terms , di vide the numera tor and denomi nator by thei r G.C.F Method-2: Cancel all common fa ctors of numera tor and denomina tor until there is no common fa ctor other than 1 A fra ction is said to be in its lowest terms when the G.C.F of the numera tor and denomina tor is 1

Addition of Fractions: Wi th Common Denomina tors : (a/c) + (b/c) = (a + b)/c Wi th Different Denomina tors : (a /b) + (b/d) = ((a *d) + (b*c))/(b*d) Sa me logi c hol ds for subtra cting Fra ctions too

Exponents (a ^ n) An Exponent is a number tha t tells how many ti mes the base is a fa ctor. For example, in 52, there a re 2 fa ctors . Here 5 is the base and 2 is the exponent. For any number a : a n = a *a *a *a* n number of times = b i .e., nth root of b is a n b = a Squa re of a ny posi ti ve number or squa re of i ts nega ti ve will alwa ys be positi ve 0= n 1, where n # 0

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Any number raised to the nega ti ve power equals the reciprocal of that same number or expression raised to the absolute value of the power indi ca ted, whi ch resul ts in a fra ction wi th a numera tor of 1. a -n = 1/a n a m/n = n a m (nth root of a raised to the power of m)

Table for Combining Exponents Same Base When mul tipl ying expressions wi th the same base, ADD the exponents . a m * a n = a (m + n) When di vi ding expressions wi th the same base, SUBTRACT the exponents a m / a n = a (m - n) Same Base Same Exponent When mul tipl ying expressions wi th the same exponent, MULTIPLY the bases a n * a n = (ab) n When di vi ding expressions wi th the same exponent, DIVIDE the bases a n / a n = (a /b) n Same Exponent

Add

Multiply

Subtract

Divide

Radicals

Format of Scienti fi c nota tion a.bcde * 10 (n), where a ,b,c,d,e a re any posi ti ve numeri c digi ts , such tha t, 0<a <10, and n is the number of pla ces the decimal point is moved, whi ch can be negati ve, positi ve or zero.

Exponents and Radi cals a re opposi te opera tions Root of a number or an expression. a b Denotes a th root of b, where a is the Index, b is the Radicand a 1/n = n a ( m n) m = n Square root of negative numbe rs is not defined. Negative Numbers do not have real numbers as their roots If x yiel ds an integer, then x is a perfect squa re If x yiel ds a non-integer, then x is an imperfect squa re n n n (a * b) = a * b

Common Square roots X X 2 1.41 3 1.73 5 2.24 6 2.45 7 2.65 8 2.83 11 3.32

( a * b) (n * m) = a n * bm (a / b) = a / b a * b = (a * b) a / b = (a / b) (a + b) # a + b (a - b) # a - b (a + b) # a + b a- b # (a - b) a * a = a (a 2 * b) = a b (a + b) 2 = a + b + 2 (a * b) (a - b) 2 = a + b - 2 (a * b) (a + b) (a - b) = a -b n (a + b) = n a + n b

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Algebra
(Xm Yn)/ (Xp Yq) = X m-p Y n-q m n m n (X + Y )/Z = (X )/Z + (Y )/Z Fa ctor a x2 + bx + c = 0 into the following two factors . (p+q) (r+s); such tha t: Fi rs t term of the trinomial p * r Las t term of the tri nomial q * s Middle term of the tri nomial (ps) + (qr)

Eight steps to solve equations (To be followed in same order) Step-1: Get rid of fra ctions and/or decimals by mul tipl ying each term of both sides by the LCD. (Appl y onl y i f equa tion has Decimal/Fra ctions) Step-2: Get rid of all the pa rentheses using dis tributi ve law. (Appl y onl y if equa tion has pa rentheses) Step-3: Combine Like Terms on both sides (Appl y onl y if Like Terms Exist) Step-4: Isolate all the terms with va riable expressions on one side by addi tion or subtra ction, and then combine them (Appl y onl y if Va riables exis ts on both sides) Step-5: Isolate all the terms with numeri cal expressions on the other side of the equa tion by a ddi tion or subtra cti on, and combine them (Appl y onl y if numeri cal expressions a re on both sides) Step-6: Get rid of the ra di cal signs if there a re any, by squa ring both sides of the equa tion (Appl y onl y if equa tion has radi cals ) Step-7: Get rid of the exponents i f there a re any, by taking the root of both the sides by the same number (Appl y onl y if equati on has exponents ) Step-8: Mul tipl y and/or Di vi de both sides by the coeffi cient of the va riable (Appl y onl y if equati on has co -effi cient) Six Steps to Solve Linear Equations Step-1: Mul tipl y one or both the equati ons by the same or different numbers so tha t the coefficient of one of the va riables a re of same absolute value but of opposi te si gns Step-2: Add the resul ting equa tions Step-3: Now, one of the va riables will be elimina ted by cancelling out to zero; hence new equa tions with onl y one va riable resul ts out. Step-4: Sol ve this new linea r equa tion wi th one va riable by following the above 8 s teps Step-5: This will result in a val ue of one of the va riables ; s ubs titute this value into ei ther one of the ori ginal equati ons , whi ch will result in new equation wi th the other va riable Step-6: Sol ve this equa tion and find the value of other va riable Quadratic Equations roots/solutions X = 1/2a [-b + (b 2 4a c)] and X = 1/2a [-b - (b 2 4a c)] If (b 2 4a c) > 0, then (b 2 4a c) will be two distinct real number roots If (b 2 4a c) < 0, then there exis ts no s olution or real roots If (b 2 4a c) = 0, then (b 2 4a c) will be zero. And expression has onl y one real root or solution Sum of Roots -b/a Product of Roots c/a Axis of s ymmetry -b/2a

Solving Quadratic Equations Step-1: If requi red manipulate the equa tion by grouping, such tha t, all the terms a re set on one side of equation and othe r side is zero in such a wa y tha t i t can be fa ctored and put into the s tanda rd form: a x 2 + bx + c = 0 Step-2: Combine the Like terms on the nonzero side of the equa tion Step-3: Fa ctor the left side of the equa tion into linea r binomial expression factors Step-4: After brea king the equati on into linear fa ctors , set ea ch linea r fa ctor equal to zero Step-5: Sol ve for both the mini equations, the two resul ting values is the solution set

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Applications
To From Fraction (1/2) Fraction (1/2) Not Appli cable Decimal (0.50) Step-1: Di vide the numera tor by Denominator Ex: 1 / 2 = 0.50 Not Appli cable Percent (50%) Step-1: Mul tipl y the Fra ction by 100 Step-2: Simplify and insert % sign. Ex. 1/2 = (1/2) * 100 = 50 % Step-1: Move the Decimal Point two pla ces to the ri ght Ex: 0.50 50 %

Decimal (0.50)

Percent (50%)

Step-1: Drop the decimal point by di vi ding i t by 1 plus add as many zeroes as the number of places to the right of the deci mal point. Step-2: Simplify. Ex: 0.50 50 / 100 = 1/2 Step-1: Drop the percent sign, next di vi de the percent number by 100. Step-2: Simplify. Ex: 50 % 50/100 = 1/2

Step-1: Move the percents decimal point two pla ces to the left. Ex: 50% 0.50

Not Appli cable

Percents: Wha t is a % of b? a is what percent of b? Wha t % of a is b? a is b% of wha t number? a% of what number is b? Percent Changes: Percent Change (Actual Change/Ori ginal Value) * 100 % Percent Increase ((New Value Ori ginal Value)/ (Ori ginal Value)) * 100 % Percent Decrease ((Ori ginal Value New Value)/(Ori ginal Value)) * 100 % To Increase a number by K%, mul tipl y i t by (100% + K%) To Decrease a number by K%, mul tipl y i t by (100 - K%) If a number is the result of increasing another number by K%, then, to find the ori ginal number, di vide by (100% + K%) If a number is the result of decreasing another number by K%, then, to find the original number, di vide by (100% - K%) Successive Percent Changes Appl y the following s teps when two or more series of subsequent percent changes a re applicable: Step-1: Compute the fi rst percentage change on the original base. If the original base is not gi ven, assume i t to be 100 Step-2: Add/Subtra ct the fi rs t percent change from the base of 100 to find the value a fter fi rs t percent change, also known as the intermedia te value. Step-3: Compute the second percent change on the val ue of fi rst percent change Step-4: Add/Subtra ct the second percent change from value after the fi rst percent change to find the final percent change Example problem: If the pri ce of an i tem raises by 10% one yea r and by 20% the next, whats the combined increase? Percent Discounts Ori ginal Pri ce Sale Pri ce + Discount Amount Ori ginal Pri ce (Dis count Amount/Dis count %) * 100 Ori ginal Pri ce Sale Pri ce / (100% + Ma rkup %) Problem Set-Up: Problem Set-Up: Problem Set-Up: Problem Set-Up: Problem Set-Up: x = (a /100)*b a = (x/100)*b b = (x/100)*a a = (b/100)*x b = (x/100)*a

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New Pri ce Ori ginal Pri ce (100 % + Ma rk-up %) or Original Pri ce (100 % - Ma rk-up %) Sale Pri ce Ori ginal Pri ce Discount Amount Dis count Amount Ori ginal Pri ce Sale Pri ce Dis count % (Ra te of Discount) ((Ori ginal Pri ce Selling Pri ce)/Original Pri ce) * 100 (Dis count Amount/Ori ginal Pri ce) * 100 Percent Mark-Ups/Downs Cos t Pri ce: Amount tha t costs the seller without any profit or loss . It is the cos t that the seller pa ys or incurs to procure or produce an i tem. Selling Pri ce: Amount tha t a seller sells an i tem for, whi ch ma y include a profi t (mark -up) or loss (ma rk-down) or neither (break-even pri ce) Break-Even Pri ce: Nothing but the Cos t pri ce Ma rk-up or Profi t Selling pri ce cos t pri ce Selling Pri ce Cost Pri ce + Profi t Ori ginal Pri ce or Cost Pri ce Sale Pri ce/ (100% + Ma rk-Up %) New Pri ce Ori ginal Pri ce + Ma rk-up (Increase) Ma rk-down or Loss Cost pri ce - Selling pri ce Selling Pri ce Cost Pri ce - Loss Ori ginal Pri ce Sale Pri ce/ (100% - Ma rk-down %) New Pri ce Ori ginal Pri ce - Ma rk-Down (Decrease) Percent Interests Simple Interest: Interes t = Principal * Rate * Time (In Yea rs). Before appl ying any of these formulas, make sure the uni ts of ea ch measure a re i n a ccordance. Compound Interest: Fi nal Balance (Principal ) * (1 + (interes t ra te/c))
(time) (C)

Where, C = Number of ti mes compounded a nnuall y; time = Number of yea rs Di vi ding the Interest Rate by the Number of Periods in a yea r: If the Interes t Ra te is compounded annually, di vi de i t by 1 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded semi -annuall y, di vide i t by 2 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded qua rte rl y, di vide i t by 4 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded bi -monthl y, di vide i t by 6 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded monthl y, di vide i t by 12

The Di fference between Simple Interes t and Compound Interes t: Si mple Interes t is computed onl y on the pri ncipal; and compound i nterest is computed on the pri ncipal as well as any interes t al ready ea rned. Ratios Ra tios a re the ma themati cal relationship between two or more things . Ra tios a re nothing but another form of fra ctions . Perce nt is a ra tio in whi ch the second quanti ty is 100.

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Terms of Ratio The Two numbers in the ra tio a re called the terms of the ra tio 1st Term called the antecedent; 2nd Term called the consequent Terms of Ra tio must be the in the same uni t Real Number value of ea ch pa rt of Ra tio (n pa rt / (Total pa rts))*Whole Combining Ratios by Multiplying Ratios Step-1: Mul tipl y both the gi ven ra tios so tha t the common terms ca ncel out, i.e., the second term of the fi rs t ra tio ca ncel fi rst term of second ra tio Step-2: Once the terms they ha ve in common cancel out; combine the ra tio as two -pa rt or mul tipl y the cancelled terms to wri te i t as 3 pa rt ra tio For Example; If the Ra tio of a to b is 6:5 and b to c is 2:1, wha t is the ra tio of a : b: c? By Multiplying Ratios: a / b & b/c 6/5 & 2/1 (a/b) * (b*c) (6/5) * (2/1) 12/5 a :c = 12:5 Now Mul tipl y both ca ncelled bs to get the middle pa rt of the ra tio = 5 * 2 = 10. Now, a : b: c = 12:10:5 Laws of Proportion If, a :b = c:d or a/b = c/d, then following a re true: ad = bc b/a = d/c a/c = b/d (a + b)/b = (c + d)/d (a - b)/b = (c - d)/d
th

Direct Proportions Two Quanti ties x and y, a re said to be di rectl y proportional i f they satis fy a rela tionship of the form x = ky, where k is a non zero cons tant Different Types of Direct Proportions are: Money Spent Quanti ty Bought Weight Quanti ty Hei ght Shadow Actual Si ze Map Scale Gasoline Miles Time Wa ges

Indirect Proportions Two Quanti ties x and y, a re said to be indi rectl y proportional i f they sa tisfy a rela tionship of the form x = k/y, where k is a non zero cons tant Different Types of Indirect Proportions are: Workers Time Speed Ti me Monthl y Ins tallments Loan Period Members Ti me Peri od for Suppliers

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How to figure out if two Quantities vary directly or inversely? Answering one of the following questions would get the result. Question 1: Will an i ncrease in one quantity lead to an increase or decrease in the other quanti ty? If i t leads to Increase, then the two qua ntities va ry di rectl y If i t leads to Decrease, then the two qua ntities va ry inversel y Question 2: Will a decrease in one quantity lead to a decrease or a n increase in the other quantity? If i t leads to decrease, then the two quanti ties va ry di rectl y If i t leads to increase, then the two quanti ties va ry i nversel y Compound Proportions When two ra tios tha t ha ve three or more pa rts, a re in the same proportion, i t is called a compound proportion

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Geometry
Geometry Geometry is the s tudy of Shapes (both fla t and curved). Ma thema ti cs of the properties, measurements , a nd relationshi ps of points , lines , a ngles, surfa ces, and solids Perimeter Measurement of the dista nce all the wa y round any closed 2-D fi gure or Object Sum of measure of all the lengths of all its sides Area Certain amount of region covered or Occupied by 2-D or 3-D closed fi gures Measure of the space inside a flat figure 2 Square Units (Unit ) Uni ts of measure used to measure the a rea of any 2-D or the Surfa ce a rea of any 3-D figures . Area of 2-D Figures Measure of the number of squa re uni ts tha t completel y fills the region on the surfa ce a rea of the fi gure Area of a Flat Surface base * alti tude Surface Area of 3-D figures Sum of the total a reas of all the 2-D outer surfa ces of the 3-D object Sum of the a reas of ea ch of the solids surfa ces or fa ces. Volume Certain amount of spa ce covered, occupied, enclosed i nside 3-D closed fi gures . Are of i ts base ti mes i ts depth or hei ght. Cubic Units Uni t of measure used to measure the volume of a ny 3-D object Mul tipl y the a rea of one of the bases of the solid by the height of the solid a rea of base * height Lines Point: Identify s pecifi c loca tion in spa ce, but is not an object by i tself. Represented by a small dot (.) Line: 1-D s traight path tha t has no endpoi nts. Mi nimum of two poi nts requi red making a line and there is no ma ximum number of points on a line. Pra cti call y i t is i mpossible to draw a line since line drawn would ha ve some fi xed length and wi dth. The s ymbol ( ) wri tten on top of two letters represents the line. Ray: Pa rt of line tha t begins at one labeled fi xed endpoint and extends infini tel y from tha t point in the other di rection. Its li ke a half line. Line Segment: Its a Finite, segment or pa rt of a line wi th two labeled fi xed endpoint. The Symbol () wri tten on top of two letters represents a line segment Types of Lines Perpendicular Lines: Two lines that intersect ea ch other to form four angles of equal measure, and each has a measure of 90 0 Parallel Lines: Li nes tha t remain apa rt, and maintain an equal and cons tant dis tance between ea ch other and never intersect ea ch other if extended infinitel y in ei ther di rection Transversal Lines: A li ne that intersect two or more pa rallel lines. Angles Angles a re formed by intersection or union of two lines , line segments , or ra ys . Angles a re measured in counterclockwise. Sides: Si des of the angle a re two lines , ra ys , or line segments . Vertex: Poi nt of intersection a t whi ch two sides meet or dis connect. (Note: Vertex Singula r, Verti ces Plural ) Degree: Unit of angula r measure. (Note: 10 = 60 (Mi nutes) and 1 = 60 (Seconds) Types of Angles Zero Angle: An Angle whose measure is exa ctl y 0 0. Acute Angle: Angle whose measure is grea ter than 0 0 but less than 900. Right Angle: An Angle whose measure is exa ctl y 900. Obtuse Angle: An Angle whose measure is grea ter than 90 0 and less than 1800. Straight Angle: An Angle, whose measure is exa ctl y 180 0, forming a s traight line. 0 0 0 Reflex Angle: An Angle, whose measure is greater than 180 and less than 360 . Sum of angles a round a point is 360 . An Angle is formed when two line segments extend from a common point Congruent Angle: Congruent Angles a re angles of equal measure. If two angles ha ve the same degree, they a re said to be cong ruent. Angle Bisector: A line or line segment bisects an angle as i t splits the angle into two s maller and equal angles .

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Types of Pair of Angles: Adjacent Angles: Pai r of two angles tha t sha re a common vertex a nd a common side Complimentary Angle: Pai r of two adja cent angles tha t ma ke up a ri ght angle, i .e. whose degree measurements exa ctl y adds up to 90 0 Supplementary Angle: Pai r of two adja cent angles tha t ma ke up a s traight angle, i .e. whose degree measurements exa ctl y adds up to 180 0. Polygons: Pol ygon is a geometri c fi gure in a plane tha t is composed of and bounded by three or more s traight line segments , called the sides of the pol ygon Parts of Polygon Side: Si des a re the line segments Angle: Intersection of two sides resul ts in a n angle of the pol ygon Vertex: The point of intersection of line segments or endpoints of two adja cent sides Diagonal: Line segment inside the pol ygon connecting two nonadja cent verti ces or whose endpoints a re verti ces is called diagonal of the pol ygon. Al ti tude: Any line segment tha t sta rts from one of i ts verti ces and ends on one of i ts sides in such a manner that i t is perpendi cula r to tha t side. Types of Polygon Equilateral Polygon: All sides a re of equal measure Equiangular Polygon: Al l angles a re of equal measure Regular Polygon: Equal Sides and Equal Angles Irregular Polygons: Unequal sides and unequal angles Types of Polygons based on number of sides or angles Types Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon Decagon Dodecagon N-gon Sum of Angles of Polygon: By using Formula Sum of the measures of n interior angles in a pol ygon wi th n sides (n-2) * 180 Degree measure of ea ch interior angle of a regula r pol ygon wi th n sides ((n-2) * 1800)/n By Diving Polygon From any vertex, dra w diagonals, and di vide the pol ygon into as many non-overlapping adja cent triangles as possible. Count the number of triangles formed Si nce there is a total of 1800 in the angles of each triangle, mul tipl y the number of triangles by 180 0 the product will be the sum of the angles in the pol ygon Any Polygons can be divided into Triangles in two different ways: By dra wing all diagonals ema nating from any one gi ven vertex to all other nonadjacent verti ces or, By dra wing all diagonals connecting all the opposite verti ces
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0

Description 3 si ded pol ygon 4 si ded pol ygon 5 si ded pol ygon 6 si ded pol ygon 7 si ded pol ygon 8 si ded pol ygon 9 si ded pol ygon 10 sided pol ygon 11 sided pol ygon N- sided pol ygon

To di vi de pol ygons into triangles, quadrilaterals would need one diagonal ; penta gons would need two diagonals; hexagons would need two diagonals ; heptagons would need two diagonals ; octagons would need two diagonals ; Sum of Exterior Angle of a Polygon 3600 / n; Measure of an exterior angle + Measure of an interi or angle in pol ygon = 180 0 Perimeter of Polygon Sum of all sides; Peri meter of Regula r Pol ygon Length of side * Number of Sides Area of a regular polygon * Apothem * peri meter; Apothem Li ne Segment from center of pol ygon perpendi cular to any side of polygon Radius of Regular Polygon A Line segment connecting any vertex of a regula r pol ygon wi th the center of the pol ygon Triangles Triangle is a 3-Sided Pol ygon Parts of Triangle Sides: Line Segment connecti ng verti ces of two angles of the triangle. Angle: Formed by i ntersecti on or uni on of any two of i ts sides. Vertex: Poi nt-of-Intersection of the sides of the triangle Degree: Unit of Angula r Measure Terms Used in Triangles Base: One of the three sides Altitude: Perpendi cula r distance from a vertex to its opposi te side. For Acute Triangle, al ti tude falls inside the triangle; For Obtuse triangle , al titude falls outside the triangle; for right triangle, al ti tude is one of the legs tha t is perpendi cular to the base

Acute Triangle

Right Triangle

Obtuse Triangle

Median: Line Segment connecting one of the verti ces of the triangle to the midpoi nt of the opposi te side Perpendicular Bisector: Li ne Segment that bisects and is perpendi cula r to one of the sides of the triangle. Angle Bisector: Li ne segment containing one of the sides of the triangle to the opposite vertex bisecting tha t angle into two hal ves , that is , it bisects one of the angles of the triangle into two equal angles Midline: Line Segment tha t connects the midpoi nts of any two sides of the triangle. Sum of the measures of all three interior angles = 180 0 Sum of the measures of all three exterior angles = 360 0 If two triangles sha re a common angle, then the sum of other two angles a re equal La rgest angle of the triangle is alwa ys opposi te to the longes t side. Smallest angle of the triangle is alwa ys opposite to the smallest side Angles with same measure a re opposi te sides wi th same length Sum of two sides > 3rd Side Di fference of two sides < 3rd Side Sum of two sides > 3rd side > Difference of two sides Exterior Angle + Adja cent Interior Angle = 180 0 Exterior Angle = sum of measure of two opposi te interi or angles Exterior Angle > ei ther of opposi te interi or Angles

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Types of Triangles Equilateral: All 3 sides a re equal i n length and all 3 angles a re equal in measure Isosceles: At least two sides a re of equal length and two angles opposi te to these sides measures equally. Scalene: None of i ts sides a re equal in length and none of the angles a re equal in measure Acute: All 3 angles a re a cute angles Obtuse: One of the angles is an obtuse angle Right: One of the interior angles is a ri ght angle Isosceles Right: One of the angles is a ri ght angle and the other two angles a re equal in measure exa ctl y 45 0 ea ch. Pythagoras Theorem Squa re of the length of the hypotenuse = Sum of the Squa res of the lengths of the other two sides . For any positi ve number x, there is a ri ght triangle whose sides a re in the ra tio 3x, 4x, and 5x. Such triangles a re known as Pythagorean Triples In a 450 - 450 - 900 triangle, also known as Isos celes right triangle, the lengths of the sides a re in the consta nt ra tion of x : x : x2, where x is the length of ea ch leg. The Diagonal of a Squa re di vides the squa re i nto two equal isos celes right triangles. In a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, the sides a re in the constant ra tio of x : x3 : 2x, where x is the length of the shorter leg Trigonometric Ratios Si ne Opposite/Hypotenuse (SOH) Cosine Adja cent/Hypotenuse (CAH) Tangent Opposite/Adja cent (TOA) Hei ght of the equila teral Triangle 3x Peri meter of Triangles Sum of all sides Area of Triangle * (base * hei ght) Are of Isosceles Triangle * leg 2 Area of Equilate ral Triangle (S 23)/4, where S is the side of the equilateral triangle Conditions of Triangle Congruency Two Triangles a re congruent if two pairs of corresponding sides and the corresponding included angles a re equal Two Triangles a re congruent if two pairs of corresponding angles and the corresponding included sides a re equal Two Triangles a re congruent if all 3 pai rs of corresponding sides of two triangles a re equal Two ri ght triangles tha t ha ve any two equal corresponding sides In an Isos celes triangle, the alti tude to the thi rd side di vides the original triangle into two congruent triangles Conditions of Triangle Similarity Two Triangles a re Si milar, if all 3 pai rs of correspondi ng angles a re equal Two Triangles a re Si milar, if all 3 pai rs of correspondi ng sides has the same ra tio Quadrilaterals Type of Pol ygon wi th exa ctl y four sides and four angles
0 0 0

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Parts of Quadrilaterals Si des: Length is the measure of the longer side; Width is the measure of the shorter side Dia gonals : Line Segments connecting any two non-subsequent verti ces Al ti tude: Perpendi cula r dis tance between two pa rallel sides Angles : Sum of the measures of 4 interior Angles = Sum of the measures of 4 exterior angles = 360 0 Types of Quadrilateral: Squa re; Recta ngle; Pa rallelogra m; Rhombus ; Tra pezoid Quadrilateral Type Square Rectangle Parallelogram Rhombus Trapezoid Area Si de 2; Diagonal 2 Length * Width Base * Height Base * Height; * (Diagonal 1 + Diagonal2) * (Base1 + Base 2) * Height Perimeter Si de + Si de +Side + Side = 4S 2(Length + Width) 2(Length + Width) Si de + Si de +Side + Side = 4S Base 1 + Base2 + Si de 1 + Si de 2 Others Si de = Dia gonal / 2 Wi dth 2 = Diagonal2 Length 2 All Rhombuses a re Pa rallelogra ms Base Pai r of Pa rallel Sides Si des Pai r of non-Pa rallel Sides

Circles A Ci rcle is a closed li near fi gure tha t consists of a set or series of all the points in the same plane tha t is all loca ted a t the same distance from one fi xed point. Parts of Circle: Ra dius : Distance between center of ci rcle and any point o n the ci rcle. Half of Diameter Diameter: Distance between any two points on the ci rcle passing through the center. Twi ce the Radius Chord: Line Segment joining two points on the ci rcle. Diameter is the longes t chord i n the ci rcle. A dia meter tha t is pe rpendi cula r to a chord bisects the chord into two congruent hal ves . Inscribed Triangles Triangles Ins cribed in Semi circle: A Triangle ins cribed in a semi ci rcle is alwa ys a right triangle. Any right triangle ins cri bed in a ci rcle must ha ve one of i ts sides coincide wi th the diameter of the ci rcle, thus splitting the ci rcle in two semi ci rcles Triangles formed by two Radii : Any Triangle formed a t the center of a ci rcle by connecting the endpoints of any two ra dii alwa ys resul ts in an Isos celes triangle. Seca nt: Any Line or Line Segment tha t cuts through the ci rcle by intersecting the ci rcle a t any two points . Tangent Line Tangent to a Ci rcle: Any line or Line Segment outside the ci rcle that intersects or touches the ci rcle a t exa ctl y one point on the ci rcumference Two Ci rcles tangent to ea ch other: If two ci rcles intersect or touch exa ctl y a t one point Poi nt-of-Tangency: The point common to a ci rcle and a tangent to the ci rcle or two ci rcles Ra dius of a ci rcle is Perpendi cula r to i ts Tangent; Two Tangents to a Ci rcle a re equal Line of Centers : Line passing through the Centers of two or more ci rcles Sector: Portion of a Ci rcle bounded by two radii and an a rc Degree Measure of a Ci rcle: 3600 Types of Circles Full ; Semi ; Qua rter; Concentri c

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Types of Angles in Circle Central angle: An Angle whose vertex lies exa ctl y at the center point of the ci rcle and i ts two sides a re the radii of the ci rcle Ins cribed Angle: An Angle whose vertex lies a t any point on the ci rcle i tself and the two sides a re chords of the ci rcle Ci rcumference of a Ci rcle = Peri meter of the Ci rcle = Total distance a round the ci rcle Ci rcumference * Diameter 2**Radius Arc of Ci rcle: Pa rt or Porti on of the Ci rcumference of the Ci rcle. It consists of two endpoints on a ci rcle and all the points between them Arc Measure Central Angle: Arc Degree Measure Degree Measure of the Central Angle tha t intercept i t. Arc Length Measure (Degrees of Central Angle/3600) * Ci rcumference Arc Measure Inscribed Angle: Arc Degree Measure (Degree Measure of the Central Angle tha t intercept it) 0 Arc Length Measure ((2 * Degrees of Central Angle)/360 ))* Ci rcumference Arc Measure Intersecting Chords Equal in degrees to one -half of the sum of i ts intercepted a rcs Arc Measure Intersecting Secants/Tangents Equals Degrees to one-half the difference of i ts intercepted a rcs. Peri meter of Sector of Ci rcle Arc Measure + (2 * Radius ) 2 Area of Full Ci rcle *ra dius Area of Sector of Ci rcle (Degrees of Central Angle/3600) * *ra dius 2 Solid Geometry Study of Shapes and figures that a re dra wn in more tha n one plane Terms used in Solids Vertex Point a t i ts corners where the edges meet Edge Line Segments that connect the verti ces and form the sides of ea ch face of the solid. Fa ce Pol ygons tha t form the outside bounda ries of the solid Types of Solids Recta ngular Solids Solids wi th rectangula r or squa re faces . For Exa mple, Bri ck Types of Rectangula r solids Cubes, Recta ngula r Prisms Ci rcular Solids Solids wi th Ci rcula r or Conical Fa ces . For Exa mple,Ice-Cream cones Types of Ci rcula re Solids Cylinders , Cones , Spheres, Pyramids , Tetra hedrons Surface Area of Rectangular Solids Area of Front and Ba ck Fa ces 2(Length * Hei ght) Area of Top a nd Bottom Faces 2(Length * Wi dth) Area of Right and Left Fa ces 2(Width * Height) Total Surfa ce Area Sum of the a rea of the six outside rectangula r fa ces 2(LH + LW + WH) Volume of Rectangular Solids Length * Breadth * Hei ght Dia gonal (Length 2 + Widht2 + Hei ght2)

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Types Cube Cylinder

Cone Sphere

Surface Area 6 * Side 2 (Area of Top and Bottom Ci rcula r Bases) + (La teral Surfa ce Area) ( 2**Radius 2 )+ (2**Radius * Height) Area of Ci rcula r Base + La teral Surface Area (*Radius *Slant Height) + * Radius 2 2 4**Radius

Volume Si de 3 2 *Radius *Hei ght

Diagonal Si de * 3

Others Use onl y La teral Surfa ce Area when i ts a hollow cylinder to calculate Surfa ce Area

(1/3)* * Ra dius 2*Height 3 (4/3)**Radius

Coordinate Geometry Study of geometri c figures and properties on the coordina te pla ce using algebrai c princi ples Coordinate Plane XY-Plane Coordinate Axis : X-Axis Abs cissa Hori zontal Number line, whi ch goes left and ri ght Y-Axis Ordina te Verti cal Number Line, whi ch goes up and down Coordinate Points (X, Y) (X-Coordinate, Y-Coordina te) Parts of Coordinate Plane 1st Quadrant Top right North-Eas t (+X, +Y) 2nd Qua drant Top left North-Wes t (-X, +Y) rd 3 Quadrant Bottom Left South-Wes t (-X, -Y) 4th Quadrant Bottom Right South East (+X, -Y) Ori gin (0, 0) Dis tance between any two gi ven points , A(x 1, y1) and B(x2, y2) ((x1- x2) + (y1- y2) ) Mid-Point between two Axes ((x1+ x2)/2, (y1+ y2)/2)
2 2

Intercepts of Line Poi nt a t whi ch a line intercepts the coordina te a xes X-Intercept Value of X-Coordinate of the point a t which the line intersects the x-a xis Y-Intercept Value of Y-Coordina te of the point a t whi ch the line intersects the y-a xis Slope of Line Step-1: Pi ck any two points on the line a(x1, y1) and b(x2, y2) tha t lie on the line Step-2: Next find the Rise and the Run Rise Amount the line raises verti call y y1 y2 Run Amount the line runs hori zontall y x1 x2 Step-3: Finall y, di vide the Rise by the Run Sl ope Intercept Form y = mx + b

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Applications of Coordinate Geometry Categories Finding Slope and Y-Intercept of Line from its equation Finding Equation of Line from its Slope & One-Point Description Put the Equa tion in Standa rd Form y = mx + b Identify the m-term and b-term Fi nd the Y-Intercept (b) by subs ti tuting the slope and the coordi nates in the general equa tion Appl y the formula y y1 = m( x x1), where m is the slope, and (x1,y1) is the gi ven coordina te Fi nd the slope (m)by using slope formula m = ((y1 y2)/(x1 x2)) Fi nd the Y-Intercept by s ubs tituting the slope and one of the gi ven coordina tes i n the general equa tion; y = mx + b Fi nd the slope using Slope formula Fi nd the y-Intercept (b) of the line by substi tuti ng ei ther (x, y) in general form Fi nd the equa tion of the line y plugging the values in general form Fi nd the Value of another Coordina te from y-Intercept Fi nd the Slope using Slope formula Fi nd the equa tion of the line by pluggi ng the values in general form Fi nd the slope using co-ordina tes Fi nd the equa tion of each line by substi tuti ng one of the coordina tes and slope in general equa tion Fi nd the point of i ntersection of lines by equating the equa tion of both lines and sol ve for x and y by substi tution method Fi nd the slope using Slope formula Fi nd the slope of the perpendi cular bisector (Nega ti ve reciprocal or Slope) Fi nd the midpoint of the line, whi ch is also a point i n the perpendi cular bisector Fi nd the y-intercept of the perpendicular bisector by subs ti tuting slope and yintercept in the general equa tion Fi nd the equa tion of the perpendi cula r bisector by subs ti tuting the slope and y-Intercept in the general equa tion

Finding Y-Intercept of Line Passing through two points

Finding the Equation of Line Passing through two Points

Finding the Equation of Line from One-Point and YIntercept Finding Point-Of-Intersection of Two lines

Finding Equation of Perpendicular Bisectors

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Word Problems
Apply the following steps to solve any type of word problems: Rea d the ques tion and determine wha t all informa tion is given these a re the gi ven, a nd are known as known quantities. Rea d the ques tion and interpret wha ts being asked or, wha t needs to be sol ved, or wha t informa tion you need to know the answer of the question these a re the quanti ties you a re seeking, and they a re known as the Unknown quantities Name the Unknown quanti ties by selecting variables, such as x, y, z, etc. Determine the rela tionships between the knowns and unknowns, tha t is, the va riables and the other gi ven quanti ties in the problem, and connect them using arithmetic problems, such as (+), (-), etc. and wri te them as algebraic expressions. Using these va riables and the rela tionships between the known and unknown quanti ties form algebraic equations by a ppl ying the appropria te ma thema tical formulas Sol ve the algebrai c equa tions to find the value of the unknown(s), and plug tha t value in other relationships or equa tions tha t invol ves this va riable in order to find any other unknown quanti ties, if there a re any.

Basic Coin Conventions to be known: 1 Dollar 100 Cents ; 1 Half Dolla r 50 Cents ; 1 Qua rter 25 Cents ; 1 Di me 10 Cents ; 1 Nickel 5 Cents Apply the following steps to solve Age problems: Assign a different letter (Va riable) for each persons age Es tablish rela tionships between the a ges of two or more i n the problem Transform these rela tionships into algebrai c equa tions Sol ve the equa tions and determine the unknowns

Important Note in Age Problems: Yea rs Ago means you need to subtra ct Yea rs from now means you need to add Rate of Work or Quantity: Ra te Amount of work done per time uni t Work Problem tips: Grea ter the ra te of work fas ter you work sooner the job is done Lesser the ra te of work slower you work slower the job is done Grea ter number of workers lesser the ti me requi red to finish the job Lesser number of workers grea ter the time requi red to finish the job If i t takes k workers 1 hour to do a pa rticular job, then each worker does 1/k of the job in an hour or works @ 1/k of the job per hour If i t takes k workers m hours to do a pa rti cula r job, then ea ch worker does 1/k of the job in an hour or works @ 1/(mh) o f the job per hour

Work Problem Formula 1/x + 1/y = 1/z Inverse of the time i t would ta ke everyone working together equals the sum of the inverses of the time i t would take ea ch working indi viduall y. Dis tance Ra te * Time Cos t per Uni t Total Cost of the Mi xture/Total Wei ght of the Mi xture Mi xture of Weaker and Stronger Solutions Problem Weaker (Desi red Stronger) = s (Stronger Desi red), s Amount of 1st + 2nd

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Unit of Measures US Customary System 1 yd (Ya rd) 3 ft (Feet) 36 Inches 1 Ton 2000lbs (Pounds ) 1 lb 16 oz (Ounces) 1 Gallon 4 qt(Qua rt) 8 pt(Pi nt) 16 c(Cup) 128 fl oz(Fluid Ounce) 256 tbsp(Table Spoon) 1 s q yd 9 sq ft 1296 sq in Metric System: milli means one thousandths centi means one thousandths deci means one tenths Basi c Standa rd uni t means one Deka- or Deca- means tens Hector means hundreds Kilo- means thousands US Customary and Metric System US units 1 in 1 yd 1 mi 1 lb 1 lb 1 oz 1 MT (Metric Ton) 1 fl oz 1 fluid quart 1 gallon 1 ton 1 lb 1 sq yd 1 yd 1 yd Metric System 2.54 cm 0.9144 m 1.6 km 0.4545 kg 454 gm 28 gm 1.1 t (Ton) 29.574 ml 0.9464 l tr 3.785 l tr 2000 lbs 16 oz 9 s q ft 3 ft 36 in Metric Units 1 cm 1m 1 km 1 kg 1 l tr US Units 0.39 in 1.1 yd 0.6 mi 2.2 lbs 1.056 fluid qua rt

Time Measures

1 Millennium/Century 1 Year 1 Day 1 Hour 1 Minute

10 Decades /100 Years 12 Months/52 Weeks /365 Da ys 24 Hours 60 Minutes 60 Seconds

A.M Ante Meridian before Noon; P.M Pos t Meridian After noon As we tra vel eas t Sun rises ea rlier and therefore clock is ahead As we tra vel wes t Sun rises later and therefore cl ock is behind

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From East to West EST (Eas tern Standa rd Time) 1 hour ahead of CST (Central Standa rd Time) 2 Hours ahead of MST (Mountain Standa rd Time) 3 Hours ahea d of PST (Pa cifi c Standard Ti me) Temperature Conversion Celsius = (5/9) (Fa renhei t-32); Fahrenhei t = (9/5) Celsius + 32; Freezing Point = 320 F; Boiling Point = 2120 F; Normal Body Tempera ture = 98.60 F

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Logic & Stats


Simple Counting Invol ves fi guring out how many integers a re between any two gi ven integers Rule # 1: When exa ctl y one Endpoint is inclusi ve subtra ct the two values Rule # 2: When both Endpoints a re inclusi ve subtra ct both values , and then add 1 Rule # 3: When nei ther Endpoint is inclusi ve subtra ct the two val ues, and then subtra ct 1 Funda mental Pri nciple of Counting If two jobs need to be completed and there a re m wa ys to do the fi rs t job, and n wa ys to do the second job, then there a re m * n wa ys to do one job followed by the other. This can be extended to any number of events . Factorials: Fa ctorial of n is the number of wa ys tha t the n elements of a group can be ordered. n! = n * (n-1) * (n-2) * * 2 * 1 until the last term becomes 1; 0! = 1 Permutations Permuta tion is the Number of wa ys in whi ch a set of terms or elements can be a rra nged in order or sequentially. Also known as a selection process in which objects a re selected one by one in a certain predefined order Fa ctorials are invol ved in sol ving permuta tions or counting number of wa ys tha t a set can be ordered. Permuta tion m P n m! / (m-n)! m * (m-1) * (m-2) * (m-n+1) Where, m Number i n the la rger group; n number being a rranged If there a re m different terms/elements in a set, and there a re k a vailable or empty spots, then there a re p di fferent wa ys of a rranging them, gi ven by the formula p = m! / k! Combinations Combinati on is the number of wa ys of choosing a gi ven number of elements from a set, where the order of elements does not ma tter. For ins tance, AB and BA counts as two different permutati ons , but onl y as 1 combi nation Combinati on m C n m! / n! (m-n)! (m * (m-1) * (m-2) * (m-n+1))/n! = m P n / n! Where, m Number i n the la rger group; n number being chosen Probability Probability P (E) Number of Fa vorable Outcomes/ Total number of possible Outcomes Probability i n all cases is alwa ys between 0 and 1 If two or more events cons titute all the possible outcomes, then the sum of thei r probabil i ties is 1 Probability of Event tha t will not happen = 1 Probabili ty of Event tha t will happen If A and B a re independent events , then to determine the probability that event A and event B will BOTH together occur: M ULTIPLY the probabilities of two indi vi duals together If A and B a re independent events , and tha t they a re mutually exclusi ve, then to determine the probabili ty tha t event A o r event B will occur: ADD the probabilities of two indi viduals together. Two Events a re said to be mutuall y e xclusi ve i f the occurrence of one event will rule out the other If A and B a re independent events , and tha t they a re mutually non -exclusi ve, then to determine the probability that event A or event B will occur: ADD the proba bilities of two indi viduals together and then SUBTRACT the probability tha t both events occur together. Two Events a re said to be mutuall y non-excl usi ve i f the occurrence of one event will not rule out the other

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Dependent Events: Two Events a re said to be dependent, if the outcome of one event affects the probability of another event. For example, pi cking a ca rd from a fai r deck of ca rds wi th each ca rd we pi ck, the total possible events for the next event will be 1 less than the one before tha t. P (A and B) = P (A) * P (B|A); where P (B|A) is the condi tional probability of B gi ven A Sets A Set is a collecti on of well defined thi ngs or i tems called elements or members of the set Fi nite Set: If a set contains onl y a fini te number of elements Infini te Set: If a set contains infini te number of elements Subset: If all the elements of one set S, a re also elements of another set T; then the fi rs t set S, is a Subset of T Venn Diagrams Graphicall y represents sets Union Set: The set consisting of all the elements tha t exist in ei ther one or all of the sets wha t we get when we merge two or more sets Intersection Set: The set of elements tha t a re common in di fferent sets invol ved Sequence A series , lis t, collection, or group of numbers tha t follows a specifi c pa ttern Pa ttern A series of numbers or objects whose sequence is determined by a pa rti cula r rule Ari thmeti c Sequence: If d is the common difference and a is the fi rs t term of an a rithmeti c progression, then the nth term of the a ri thmeti c progression will be = a + (n-1)d. Geometri c Sequence: If a 1 is the fi rs t term, and r is the common ra tio between consecuti ve terms of a geometri c progression, and a n is the nth term, then the n th term will be a n = a1rn-1 Sum of n terms in a Geometri c Sequence (a r n a )/(r-1), when r # 1 Ha rmonic Sequence Sequence of fra cti ons in whi ch the numera tor is 1, and the denomina tors form an a rithmeti c sequence Ari thmeti c Mean Mean Average Total Sum of all terms / Total number of terms Sum of consecuti ve terms Mea n of Consecuti ve Terms * Number of Consecuti ve Terms Where, Mean of Consecuti ve Terms (Fi rs t Term + Last Term) / 2; Number of terms (Las t term Fi rs t Term) + 1 Sum of Existing term + Missing Term = Sum of all terms Weighted Mean Number of ti mes a quanti ty or term occurs Sum of Products / Sum of Wei ghts Sum / Frequency Median Middle When there a re n terms , the median is the value of ((n+1)/2) th term Mode Set of Da ta tha t occurs mos t frequentl y Qua rtiles Di vides da ta into equal qua rters or four equal pa rts Ra nge La rges t term Smallest Term Sta nda rd Devia tion Dis tance or the gap between the a ri thmetic mean and the set of numbers Appl y the following s teps to calculate the Standa rd Devia tion of a set of n numbers : Fi nd the Avera ge (Ari thmeti c Mea n) of the set Fi nd the differences between tha t a verage and ea ch value of the numbers in the set Squa re ea ch of the differences Fi nd the a verage of squa red di fferences by summing the squa red values and di viding the sum by the number of values Take the posi ti ve squa re root of tha t a vera ge

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Statistics Graphs Graph Type Tables and charts Pictographs How to Read? Look for a speci fi c uni t on the row heading Then ma tch tha t row wi th the corresponding uni t on the column heading Look a t the speci fi c row Then compute i ts value based on the conversion fa ctor gi ven in the key. Each s ymbol represents a fi xed number of i tems as indi ca ted in the key Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal a xis Ma tch the hei ght of the point on the line with the number on the verti cal a xis whi ch is the a ctual quanti ty for tha t specifi c time period In order to fi nd a specifi c numeri cal value of a pa rti cula r point on the line from a line graph, find the correct point on the line and move hori zontall y a cross from tha t point on the line to the value on the s cale on the left. The verti cal distance from the bottom of the gra ph to the point on the line is the value of tha t point A line tha t slopes up from left to ri ght, shows an increase in the quanti ty during that time peri od A line tha t slopes down from left to ri ght, shows a decrease i n the quanti ty duri ng tha t time peri od Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal a xis Ma tch the point on the line wi th the number on the verti cal a xis whi ch is the a ctual quanti ty of tha t specifi c va riable for tha t speci fi c ti me period Look for a bar label or specifi c time period on the hori zontal a xis Ma tch the hei ght of the ba r wi th the number on the verti cal a xis whi ch is the a ctual quanti ty for that speci fic ba r or ti me period In order to fi nd a specifi c numeri c value of a pa rti cula r ba r from a ba r gra ph, find the correct ba r Move hori zontally a cross from the top of the ba r tha t points on the line to the value on the s cale on the left The verti cal distance from the bottom of the gra ph to the point on the line is the value of tha t point Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal a xis Ma tch the hei ght of each of the ba rs wi th the number on the verti cal a xis which is the actual quanti ty of that specified va riable for tha t specifi c time period Look for the specifi c Quanti ty on the hori zontal a xis and the 2 nd quanti ty in the verti cal a xis The Point of Intersection of these two val ues is the point tha t represents those two quanti ties Look a t a specifi c sector and then identify the ca tegory and the quanti ty i t represents To find the value of a pa rti cula r piece of the pie, mul tipl y the appropriate percent by value of the whole pie

Single Line Graph

Double Line Graph

Single Bar Graph

Double Bar Graph

Scatter Plot Graphs Circle Graphs/Pie Charts

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