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Quantitative Ability – POINTS TO REMEMBER
1.If an equation (i.e. f(x) = 0) contains all positive co-efficients of any powers of x, it has no positive roots.Eg: x
3
+3x
2
+2x+6=0 has no positive roots2.For an equation, if all the even powers of x have same sign coefficients and all the odd powers of xhave the opposite sign coefficients, then it has no negative roots.3.For an equation f(x)=0 , the maximum number of positive roots it can have is the number of signchanges in f(x) ; and the maximum number of negative roots it can have is the number of sign changesin f(-x)4.Complex roots occur in pairs, hence if one of the roots of an equation is 2+3i, another has to be 2-3iand if there are three possible roots of the equation, we can conclude that the last root is real. This realroot could be found out by finding the sum of the roots of the equation and subtracting (2+3i)+(2-3i)=4from that sum.5.
For a cubic equation ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d=o
•
Sum of the roots = - b/a
•
Sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = c/a
•
Product of the roots = -d/a
For a bi-quadratic equation ax
4
+bx
3
+cx
2
+dx+e = 0
•
Sum of the roots = - b/a
•
Sum of the product of the roots taken three at a time = c/a
•
Sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = -d/a
•
Product of the roots = e/a6.If an equation f(x)= 0 has only odd powers of x and all these have the same sign coefficients or if f(x) =0 has only odd powers of x and all these have the same sign coefficients, then the equation has no realroots in each case (except for x=0 in the second case)7.Consider the two equationsa
1
x+b
1
y=c
1
a
2
x+b
2
y=c
2
Then,
If a
1
/a
2
= b
1
/b
2
= c
1
/c
2
, then we have infinite solutions for these equations.
If a
1
/a
2
= b
1
/b
2
<> c
1
/c
2
, then we have no solution.
If a
1
/a
2
<> b
1
/b
2
, then we have a unique solution.
8.
Roots of x
2
+ x + 1=0 are 1, w, w
2
where 1 + w + w
2
=0 and w
3
=19.|a| + |b| = |a + b| if a*b>=0else, |a| + |b| >= |a + b|
10.
The equation ax
2
+bx+c=0 will have max. value when a<0 and min. value when a>0. The max. or min.value is given by (4ac-b
2
)/4a and will occur at x = -b/2a11.
If for two numbers x + y=k (a constant), then their PRODUCT is MAXIMUM if x=y (=k/2). Themaximum product is then (k
2
)/4.
If for two numbers x*y=k (a constant), then their SUM is MINIMUM if x=y (=root(k)). The minimum sum is then 2*root (k).12.Product of any two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM. Hence product of two numbers = LCM of the numbers if they are prime to each other.13.For any 2 numbers a, b where a>b
a>AM>GM>HM>b (where AM, GM ,HM stand for arithmetic, geometric , harmonic meansrespectively)
(GM)^2 = AM * HM14.For three positive numbers a, b, c
(a + b + c) * (1/a + 1/b + 1/c)>=915.For any positive integer n
2<= (1 + 1/n)^n <=3
16.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
>= ab + bc + caIf a=b=c, then the case of equality holds good.
17.
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ d
4
>= 4abcd (Equality arises when a=b=c=d=1)
18.
(n!)
2
> n
n
19.If a + b + c + d=constant, then the product a^p * b^q * c^r * d^s will be maximum if a/p = b/q = c/r = d/s20.If n is even, n(n+1)(n+2) is divisible by 2421.x^n -a^n = (x-a)(x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) + .......+ a^(n-1) ) ......Very useful for finding multiples. For example(17-14=3 will be a multiple of 17^3 - 14^3)22.e^x = 1 + (x)/1! + (x^2)/2! + (x^3)/3! + ........to infinity
Note
: 2 < e < 323.log(1+x) = x - (x^2)/2 + (x^3)/3 - (x^4)/4 .........to infinity [Note the alternating sign . .Also note that thelogarithm is with respect to base e]24.(m + n)! is divisible by m! * n!25.When a three digit number is reversed and the difference of these two numbers is taken, the middlenumber is always 9 and the sum of the other two numbers is always 9.26.Any function of the type y=f(x)=(ax-b)/(bx-a) is always of the form x=f(y)27.
The sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2
The sum of squares of first n natural numbers is n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
The sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is (n(n+1)/2)
2
/4
The sum of first n even numbers= n (n+1)
The sum of first n odd numbers= n
2
28.If a number ‘N’ is represented as a^x * b^y * c^z… where {a, b, c, …} are prime numbers, then
the total number of factors is (x+1)(y+1)(z+1) ....
the total number of relatively prime numbers less than the number isN * (1-1/a) * (1-1/b) * (1-1/c)....
the sum of relatively prime numbers less than the number isN/2 * N * (1-1/a) * (1-1/b) * (1-1/c)....
the sum of factors of the number is {a^(x+1)} * {b^(y+1)} * ...../(x * y *...)29.
Total no. of prime numbers between 1 and 50 is 15
Total no. of prime numbers between 51 and 100 is 10
Total no. of prime numbers between 101 and 200 is 2130.
The number of squares in n*m board is given by m*(m+1)*(3n-m+1)/6
The number of rectangles in n*m board is given by
n+1
C
2
*
m+1
C
2
31.If ‘r’ is a rational no. lying between 0 and 1, then, r^r can never be rational.32.Certain nos. to be remembered
2
10
= 4
5
= 32
2
= 1024
3
8
= 9
4
= 81
2
= 6561
7 * 11 * 13 = 1001
11 * 13 * 17 = 2431
13 * 17 * 19 = 4199
19 * 21 * 23 = 9177
19 * 23 * 29 = 1267333.Where the digits of a no. are added and the resultant figure is 1 or 4 or 7 or 9, then, the no. could be aperfect square.34.If a no. ‘N’ has got k factors and a^l is one of the factors such that l>=k/2, then, a is the only prime factor for that no.
35.To find out the sum of 3-digit nos. formed with a set of given digits
This is given by (sum of digits) * (no. of digits-1)! * 1111…1 (i.e. based on the no. of digits)
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