Italian Renaissance

1300-1600

Italian States
The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking. Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists.

 During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. In northern Italy, the city-states of Florence, Milan, and Venice became major centers of the Renaissance civilization. Rome dominated the Papal States of central Italy, while the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies embraced most of southern Italy.

Italian States
Florence Papal States Oligarchy Renaissance Medici family Popes Savonarola Julius II Milan Kingdom of the Condottiere Two Sicilies Spanish empire Poor land Venice Spanish empire Great Council Doge Monopoly on spice and luxury trade

Renaissance Literature
Tuscan Triumvirate - Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince --> vernacular
Dante Alighieri
Divine Comedy

Bladassare Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier

Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)

Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6) Literary humanism

Benvenuto Cellini
Autobiography

Lorenzo Valla
Linguistic/historical analysis

Giovanni Boccaccio
Decameron

Italian Renaissance Art

Religious scenes focused on expressions Holy as human Gods beauty in world Neo-Platonism Nude body Uniqueness - self-portraits Pagan myths as Christian icons Individual-secular-profane

Giotto
Religious subjects in more human fashion and realistic setting Illusion of depth

Masaccio
Used light and shade to perspective The Holy Trinity

Sandro Botticelli
Vivid colors Classical mythology The Adoration of the Magi The Birth of Venus Primavera

Leonardo da Vinci
First Italian artist to use oil paints Mona Lisa The Last Supper The Virgin of the Rocks Religious matter in secular and humanized fashion

Leonardo da Vinci
Studying fossils Anatomy from dissections First accurate description of human skeleton Remained on paper

Raphael Santi

Humanized Madonna paintings Sistine Madonna School of Athens

Michelangelo Buonarotti
Sistine Chapel
Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood

The Last Judgment David Moses Pieta Dying Slave Night

Michelangelo Buonarotti

Titian
Tiziano Vecellio Most famous Venetian painter One painting a month Titian red The Assumption of the Virgin

The Northern Renaissance

The influence of the Italian Renaissance gradually spread northward. The Northern Renaissance was infused with a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had been often an almost open revolt against Christian ideals.

Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries

Printing press w/ moveable type
Johannes Gutenberg 1456 - the Bible Rapid spread of knowledge

 Christian Humanism
Unite classical learning w/ Christian faith Erasmus
Prince of the Humanists Praise of Folly Rejected Luther

Flemish Painting
Jan and Hubert van Eyck
First to use oil paints The Adoration of the Lamb Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

 Hieronymus Bosch
Nightmarish fantasy worlds Garden of Earthly Delight

 Peter Brueghel
Earthly and lively activities of peasants Peasant Wedding Childrens Games

German Painting
Albrecht Durer
Mastery of expression Woodcuts Self-Portrait

 Hans Holbein the Younger

Portraits
Henry VIII Erasmus Thomas More The Ambassadors

Elizabethan Literature
Edmund Spenser
Leading poet

Christopher Marlowe
playwright Brief career Doctor Faustus

William Shakespeare
Most famous playwright

Ben Jonson
Last major literary figure

Spanish Renaissance
Cardinal Fransciso Jumenez de Cisneros Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quixote

Felix Lope de Vega

Most prolific playwright

El Greco
Greatest painter of SR Studied with Titian Intense religious mysticism Mannerism

El Escorial

The Protestant Reformation

1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses 1534 - Act of Supremacy 1555 - Peace of Augsburg

Martin Luther
Planned to be a lawyer Religious conversion to Augustinian monk Theology teacher at university of Wittenberg The just shall live by faith. Romans (1:17)
Justification by faith

Johann Tetzel
Indulgence controversy

95 Theses Diet of Worms

Lutheranism
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Justification by faith Sola scriptura Baptism and holy communion Priesthood of believers German translation of Bible Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy

Lutheranism

Lutheranism
Peasants Revolt Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Diet of Augsburg Peace of Augsburg
German prince right to determine religion of his state
Lutheran or Roman Catholic No recognition of Calvinists or Anabaptists

Lutheranism dominant in northern Germany and Scandinavia

Calvinism
Ulrich Zwingli
Humanist and Catholic priest Sacraments only symbolic ceremonies Rejected celibacy of clergy Emphasized simplicity in worship Killed by Catholic forces

John Calvin
Protestant Exile in Geneva Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination
Salvation by election

Puritanism

Theocracy

Spread of Calvinism

Switzerland France
Huguenots

John Knox
Presbyterians

England
Puritans

Netherlands Max Webers theory of the Protestant work ethic

Anglicanism
King Henry VIII
Divorce of Catherine of Aragon Thomas Cramner

Edward VI
42 Articles
More Protestant Cramners Book of Common Prayer

Act of Supremacy
King head of Church of England Six Articles
No papal supremacy

Bloody Mary
Executed Cramner Married Philip II

Sold monasteries Supported by English people

Papal taxes Babylonian Captivity Monastic land

Elizabeth I
Last Tudor 39 Articles Opposition
Pilgrims - Separatists Mary Queen of Scots Philip II

Execution of Thomas More

Anabaptism
Radicals of the PR Rejection of infant baptism Active in Peasants Revolt Thomas Munzer John of Leyden Menno Simons
Mennonites