CM BIN QUANG I/ Khi qut : 1/ Tnh cht nh sng: nh sng c 2 tnh cht c bn l sng v ht .

Dng sng nh sng l sng in t pht ra khi c s chuyn in t gia cc mc nng lng nguyn t ca ngun sng . Vn tc nh sng c xc nh v = c/n trong c vn tc trong chn khng c = 299792km/s n chit sut ca mi trng truyn sng S lin h gia tn s f v bc sng :

Trong chn khng :

V = f c = f

Dy ph nh sng c biu din nh hnh : Tnh cht ht ca nh sng th hin qua s tng tc ca n vi vt cht . nh sng bao gm cc ht photon vi nng lng W ph thuc vo tn s . W = hf Trong h l hng s Planck h = 6,6256.10-34Js Trong vt cht cc ht in t lun c xu hng tr thnh in t t do . gii phng c cc ht in t khi nguyn t th cn 1 nng lng ti thiu bng nng lng lin kt WL . Do nu photon cn hp th 1 ht in t th cn 1 iu kin l W WL . Khi ta c ;

WL f h
do ta c

c f

nn

hc WL

0,383

0,455

0,490

0,575 0,590

Vng-cam

Vng

0,65

0,75 Hng ngoi

Tia cc tm Tm Cam

Lc

( m)
Hng ngoi gn Cc tm Nhn thy Hng ngoi 0,01 0,1 0,4 0,75 1,2 30 Hng ngoi xa

v(Hz )

3.1016

3.1015

3.1014

Bc sng ngng ( bc sng ln nht ) ca nh sng l bc sng c th gy nn hin tng gii phng in t c tnh t biu thc :

hc s = Wl
Hin tng gii phng ht dn di tc dng ca nh sng bng hiu ng quang in gy nn s thay i tnh cht in ca vt liu . y l nguyn l c bn ca cm bin quang. Di tc dng ca nh sng , hiu ng quang in t l thun vi s lng ht dn c gii phng trong 1 n v thi gian . Ngay c khi > S th khng th gii phng tt c cc ht dn bi v 1 s s phn x t b mt v s khc s chuyn nng lng ca chng thnh nng lng ca dao ng nhit. i vi vt liu c h s phn x R ln v b chiu bi nh sng n sc c cng sut th : _ S photon chiu n trong 1 giy :

ninc =

= hv hc

_ S photon hp th trong 1 giy : na = (1 R ) ninc = (1 R ) _ S ht in t v l trng c gii phng trong 1 giy :

hc

G = .na = (1 R )

hc

Trong l hiu sut lng t ( s in t hoc l trng trung bnh c gii phng khi 1 photon c hp th ) 2/ n v o quang : _ Nng lng bc x ( Q ) l nng lng pht x , lan truyn hoc hp th di dng bc x , c o bng Jun ( J ) . _ Thng lng nh sng ( ) l cng sut pht x , lan truyn hoc hp th , o bng n v oat ( W ).

dQ dt

_ Cng nh sng ( I ) l lung nng lng pht ra theo 1 hng cho trc di 1 n v gc khi , c n v o l oat/steradian.

I=

d d

_ chi nng lng : l t s gia cng nh sng pht ra bi 1 phn t b mt dA theo 1 hng xc nh v din tch hnh chiu ca phn t ny trn mt phng P vung gc vi hng dAn = dA cos ( l gc gia P v mt phng cha dA ) . chi o bng oat/steradian.m2 .

L=

dI dAn

_ ri nng lng ( E ) l t s gia lung nng lng thu c bi 1 phn t b mt va din tch phn t . ri nng lng c o bng oat/m2 .

E=
Tn nh ngha Lung ( thng lng ) Cng chi

d dA
/v nng lng Oat ( W ) Oat/sr ( W/Sr ) Oat/sr.m2 ( W/sr.m2 )

/v th gic Lumen ( lm ) Candela ( cd ) Candela/m2 ( cd/m2 )

 ri Nng lng

Lumen/m2 hay lux ( lx ) W/m2 Lumen.s ( lm.s ) Jun ( J )

3/ Ngun sng : Vic s dng 1 cm bin ch c hiu qu khi n ph hp vi bc x nh sng ( ph , thng lng , tn s ) . Ngun sng s quyt nh mi c tnh ca bc x v vy vic tm hiu ngun sng rt quan trng trong vic chn la v s dng cm bin. a/ n si t wonfram : c cu to gm 1 dy wonfram c v bc bng thy tinh hoc thanh anh c cha cht kh him hoc halogen ( I2 ) . n wonfram co c im : _ Thng lng ln , dy ph rng, c th gim bng cc tm lc. _ Do c qun tnh nhit ln nn khng th thay i bc x 1 cch nhanh chng , tui th thp , d v . b/ Diode pht quang : _ Thi gian hi p nh , khong vi ns do vy c kh nng thay i theo tn s cao .Ph nh sng hon ton xc nh , tin cy cao , bn theo thi gian . _ Thng lng tng i nh ( ~ 10mW ) v nhy vi nhit l nhc im ca n . c/ Lazer : Tia Lazer l ngun sng n sc , chi ln , rt nh hng v c bit c tnh lin kt mnh ( rt kh xy ra tn sc nh sng ) Lazer l nh sng c bc song n sc han ton xc nh , thng lng ln , c kh nng nhn c chm tia mnh vi nh hng cao v truyn i vi khong cch rt ln . II/ in Tr Quang : ( photo register ) Cc cm bin in tr l s ph thuc ca in tr vo thng lng bc x v ph ca bc x . Quang tr l 1 trong nhng cm bin c nhy cao . Nguyn tc ch to quang tr l da trn hin tng quang dn do kt qu ca hiu ng quang in ni ( hin tng gii phng ht ti in trong vt liu di tc dng ca nh sng lm tng dn in ca vt liu ). 1/ Cu to : Cm bin quang thng c cu to bng cc cht bn dn a tinh th ng nht hoc n tinh th, bn dn ring hoc bn dn pha tp cht . _ a tinh th : CdS, CdSe, CdTe , PbS, PbSe, PbTe. _ n tinh th : Ge, Si tinh khit hoc pha tp Au, Cu, Sb, In, SbIn, AsIn, PIn, CdHgTe. Ty theo cht cu to m quang tr c vng ph lm vic khc nhau .

2/ in tr : Mt quang tr c gi tr in tr tng ng vi 2 in tr ghp song song gm in tr ti Rco v in tr Rcp c xc nh bi hiu ng quang in do nh sng tc ng . Gi tr in tr ti ph thuc vo vt liu cu to , dng hnh hc , kch thc v nhit . _ Cc cht PbS , CdS, CdSe c gi tr in tr ti kh ln : t 104 n 109 nhit 250C. _ Cc cht SbIn, SbAs, CdHgTe c gi tr in tr ti kh nh : t 10 n 103 nhit 25 0C in tr Rcp c xc nh theo biu thc : cp

R = a

Trong a ph thuc vo vt liu ,nhit v ph bc x nh sng c gi tr t 0.5 n 1 Do gi tr in tr ca quang tr l RC

Rco .a RC = = Rco + Rcp Rco + a Rco Rcp

Thng thng Rcp << Rco nn Rc = a

Ngha l gi tr in tr ca cm bin ph thuc mnh vo nh sng tc dng , c gi tr gim rt nhanh khi ri tng ln . S ph thuc ca in tr vo thng lng nh sng khng tuyn tnh . Tuy nhin c th tuyn tnh ho n bng cch ghp song song vi 1 in tr
in tr
10 8
10 7 10 6

10 5
10 4

10 3
10 2 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

ri sng ( lux)

S ph thuc ca in tr vo ri sng in tr RC ph thuc vo nhit , nhy nhit ca quang tr cng nh khi ri cng ln . Gi tr in tr s b gim chm nhng iu kin lm vic gii hn khi ri v in p t vo qu ln .

3/ nhy : Da vo s tng ng ca quang tr , dn in ca quang tr l tng dn sng v dn ti .

Gc = Gco + Gcp
1 Rco

Trong

Gco l dn ti Gco =

1 = Gcp l quang dn Gcp = Rcp a Khi lm vic quang tr c phn cc 1 in p V s c 1 dng in i qua n c xc nh

I = GcV = GCOV + GCPV = I O + I P

Trong Io dng ti , Ip dng quang in Tuy nhin trong iu kin s dng Io << Ip nn dng quang in c th c xc nh theo biu thc

V . Ip = a
i vi lung bc x c ph xc nh , t l chuyn i tnh :

I V 1 = a
nhy

I V = 1 a
T nhng vn trn ta rt ra kt lun : _ Nu tnh n gi tr ca th t l chuyn i tnh v nhy c cng ln . _ Quang tr l cm bin khng tuyn tnh , nhy ca n gim khi bc x tng . ( tr trng hp = 1 ) _ nhy t l thun vi in p t vo quang tr . 4/ ng dng quang tr Nhng nhc im khi s dng quang tr l: _ Qu trnh hi p ph thuc khng tuyn tnh vo thng lng . _ Thi gian hi p ln .

_ Cc c trng khng n nh ( gi ha ). _ nhy ph thuc vo nhit . _ Mt s loi i hi phi lm ngui . Do ngi ta khng dng quang tr xc nh chnh xc gi tr thng lng m c s dng phn bit mc nh sng : trng thi sng ti hoc xung nh sng. Vic xc nh gi tr in tr ca quang tr hoc xc nh s thay i cn phi c mch o ph hp , ngha l phi c cp dng khng i v ghp theo s o in th hoc s cu Wheatstone, mch khuch i thut ton. Trong thc t thng c ng dng 2 trng hp l iu khin reley v thu tn hiu quang . S ng dng quang tr

R1-49K9

GAIN
R5-39K P2-10K R2-7K15 C2-104 R3-7K15

+12V

8 IC 1A

+12V 1 5

78L05

1K5 P1-200 5V 1K5

4 TL082 -12V

IC 1B 6
R4-10K

OUT 1

TL082
R8-10K

OFFSET

+12V
1K5 P3-20k

R6- 5k6

2 IC 2 3 7

R7-2K2

1K5

-12V

III/ Diode Cm Quang ( photo diode ) 1/ Nguyn tc : Khi cho 2 cht bn dn P v N tip xc vi nhau s to nn vng ngho ht dn ti tip xc , ti xut hin 1 in trng gi l E TX v hnh thnh 1 hng ro in th VTX . Khi khng c in th ngoi th dng qua tip gip c gi tr I=0 . Thc t dng I lc chnh l dng tng ca 2 dng ngc chiu nhau v c cng ln : _ Dng khuch tn ca cc ht dn c bn khi tip xc 2 cht bn dn. _ Dng ht dn khng c bn nh tc dng ca in trng trong vng ngho .

Khi t 1 in p ln vng ngho , chiu cao ca hng ro in th s thay i ko theo s thay i ca dng ht dn c bn v b rng vng ngho . in p t ln vng ngho s xc nh gi tr dng in I qV I = I O exp kT IO

Khi in p ngc ln , chiu cao ca hng ro in th ln n mc dng khuch tn ca cc ht dn ( dng c bn ) c th b qua v ch cn li dng khng c bn , ngha l I = IO , y chnh l dng ngc ca diode . Khi chiu sng diode bng bc x c bc sng nh hn bc song ngng ( < S ) s hnh thnh thm cc cp in t v l trng . cc ht dn ny tham gia lm tng dn , t lm tng dng I. iu quan trng l nh sng phi c chiu n vng ngho , sau khi i qua 1 b dy ng k ca cht bn dn v tiu hao nng lng ( cng i vo su th thng lng cng gim ) Trong thc t cc vt liu thng c dng ch to photodiode l Si, Ge, ( dng thu nh snh nhn thy c v hng ngoi gn ) GaAs, InAs, InSb, HgCdTe ( dung thu hng ngoi ) 2/ nhy : i vi 1 bc x c ph xc nh , dng quang in I tuyn tnh vi thng lng trong 1 khong tng i rng . nhy c xc nh :

S() =
ng vi

q (1 R ) exp( X ) hc

S hiu sut lng t R h s phn x h s hp th h hng s Planck h = 6,6256.10-34Js c vn tc truyn trong chn khng

3/ Ch s dng photodiode : C 2 ch s dng : ch quang dn v ch quang th . a/ Ch quang dn Ch quang dn c c trng bi tuyn tnh cao , thi gian hi p ngn v di thng ln . C 2 dng s Dng s c s :

Es R2

I Rm R1

S c s
Trong s ta c :

R Vo = Rm 1 + 2 I R1

Nu tng gi tr Rm s lm gim nhiu . Tng tr ng vo phi ln gim nh hng ca ni tr diode. Dng s tc ng nhanh
C1

R1

R2

I
Es R1+R2 C2

S tc ng nhanh
Khi ta c :

Vo = ( R1 + R2 ) I
R1 + R2 , trong K l h s K

in tr ti ca diode nh v gn bng khuch i tn s lm vic.

T C2 c nhim v b tr nh hng ca t k sinh C1 vi iu kin R1C1 = R2 C 2 . B khuch i s dng dng vo rt nh v suy gim do nhit khng ng k . b/ Ch quang th Trong ch ny mch c th lm vic ch tuyn tnh hoc logarit tu thuc vo ti , t nhiu , thi gian hi p ln v di thng nh , c bit nhy cm vi nhit khi lm vic ch logarit.
R2 R2

Isc

Voc

R1

Vo

R1

Vo

S logarit

S tuyn tnh

Trong s tuyn tnh ta c : Trong s logarit :

Vo = R2 I sc
R2 Vo = 1 + Voc R1

IV/ Transistor Quang ( photo transistor ) 1/ Cu to v nguyn tc : Transistor quang c cu to bng cbd loi Si , c ch to theo loi transistor NPN sao cho c vng cc B c kh nng cm nhn nh sng t bn ngoi . Khi transistor quang lm vic th c phn cc cho cc C v E nn in p phn cc tp trung ton b vo vng chuyn tip B-C ( phn cc ngch ). Khi chuyn tip B-C c chiu sng ( cc B nhn nh sng ) th transistor quang hot ng ging vi diode quang ch quang dn vi dng ngc . Khi ta c :

Ir = Io + I p
Ip =

vi Io l dng ngc ti Ip l dng quang in do tc dng ca thng lng chiu qua b dy X . Ta c

q (1 R ) exp( X ) hc

hiu sut lng t R h s phn x h s hp th

h hng s Planck h = 6,6256.10-34Js c vn tc truyn trong chn khng

Rm Rm Ir

S phn cc transistor quang

Trong trng hp ny dng IB chnh ldng Ir nn ta c

I C = I B = I r = I o + I p

2/ nhy : Khi nhn c thng lng o s lm xut hin 1 dng Ip i vo cc B ca transistor, dng nay s to nn 1 dng dn trong transistor I c = ( + 1) I p , gi tr ca Ic l :

Ip =

( + 1) q (1 R ) exp( X )
hc

i vi 1 thng lng cho trc , dng Ic khng phi l 1 hm tuyn tnh theo v h s khuch i ph tuc vo gi tr ca Ic , ngha l o ph thuc vo gi tr ca . nhy S = . o 3/ S dng transistor quang : Transistor quang c th dung lm b chuyn mch hoc lm phn t tuyn tnh . ch chuyn mch c th cho php dng i qua tng i ln , cn ch tuyn tnh th t c s dng v tuyn tnh km nn thng ngi ta dng diode quang . Transistor quang ch chuyn mch : Trong trng hp ny s dng thng tin di dng nh phn : _ C hay khng c tn hiu quang ( khng c bc x hc c bc x ). _ nh sng nhn c nh hn hay ln hn nh sng ngng ban u _ Transistor lm vic ch D : dn bo ho hoc ngng dn . Hot ng nh 1 reley ,hoc cng logic . Tc chuyn mch ca transistor quang b gii hn ng k bi ni tr ca n . Tc ny c th ci thin bng cch ghp thm vo mch 1
o

I c

I c

b khuch i hoc ghp thm transistor di dng darlingtone ( vi iu kin mh phi c tr khng vo nh )

Transistor quang lm vic ch tuyn tnh:

C 2 trng hp ng dng : _ o nh sng khng i . _ Hot ng ging nh luxmetter.

V/ Cp Quang : 1/ Nguyn l cu to Cp quang c cu to gm nhiu si t quang dn . Mi si t quang dn gm 1 li i chic sut n1 , bn knh a ( 10 n 100 m ) v lp v c chic sut n2 ( sao cho n2 < n1 ) vi b dy 50 m

n1 n2

50m

Hnh : mt ct ca Cp quang
Vt liu s dng ch to gm : _ SiO2 tinh khit hoc pha tp cht nh. _ thy tinh , thnh phn ca SiO2 v ph gia Na2O3 , B2O3 , PbO _ Polyme ( t s dng ) c s dng trong 1s trng hp. Nguyn tc quang hc : khi nh sng i qua ng phn cch gia 2 mi trng c chic sut n1 v n2 , cc gc 1 v 2 do 1 tia sng to thnh vi ng trc gic ca mt phng c s lin h vi nhau theo biu thc Descartes : n1sin 1 = n2sin 2 Khi n1 > n2 s xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn . Trong rng hp ny i vi cp quang s lm cho nh sng b giam gi trong li v c truyn i bng cc phn x lin tc.

n2 n1
0 1 0