1.

Produse de vectori: Produsul scalar: < v

1
, v
2
>= x
1
x
2
+y
1
y
2
+z
1
z
2
, v =

x
2
1
+y
2
1
+z
2
2
, cos(

v
1
, v
2
) =
<v
1
,v
2
>
v
1
v
2

.
Ortogonalitate: < v
1
, v
2
>= 0. Daca - dreapta de vector director u, u = 1, atunci Pr

v
1
= (v cos(

v
1
, u))u, si
pr

v
1
= v cos(

v
1
, u). Produsul vectorial: v
1
v
2
=

i j k
x
1
y
1
z
1
x
2
y
2
z
2

si v
1
v
2
= v
1
v
2
sin(

v
1
, v
2
). Avem:

triunghi
=
1
2
v
1
v
2
,
paralelogr
= v
1
v
2
. Coliniaritate: v
1
v
2
= 0. Produsul mixt: (v
1
; v
2
; v
3
) =< v
1
, v
2
v
3
>=

x
1
y
1
z
1
x
2
y
2
z
2
x
3
y
3
z
3

. Avem: V
paralelipiped
= (v
1
; v
2
; v
3
), V
tetraedru
=
1
6
(v
1
; v
2
; v
3
). Coplanaritate: (v
1
; v
2
; v
3
) = 0.
2. Miscari: Translat ie de vector r = x
0
i + y
0
j + z
0
k :
_
_
_
x

= x x
0
y

= y y
0
z

= z z
0
sau
_
_
_
x = x

+x
0
y = y

+y
0
z = z

+z
0
. Rotat ie de unghi n jurul
originii:

cos sin
sin cos

x
y

sau

x
y

cos sin
sin cos

.
3. Dreapta: Un punct si direct ia:

x = x
0
+tl
y = y
0
+tm
z = z
0
+tn
sau
x x
0
l
=
y y
0
m
=
z z
0
n
. Doua puncte: l = x
1
x
0
, m = y
1
y
0
,
n = z
1
z
0
si se nlocuieste mai sus.
4. Planul: Un punct si doua direct ii:

x = x
0
+t
1
l
1
+t
2
l
2
y = y
0
+t
1
m
1
+t
2
m
2
z = z
0
+t
1
n
1
+t
2
n
2
sau

x x
0
y y
0
z z
0
l
1
m
1
n
1
l
2
m
2
n
2

= 0. Trei puncte:
l
1
= x
1
x
0
, m
1
= y
1
y
0
, n
1
= z
1
z
0
, l
2
= x
2
x
0
, m
2
= y
2
y
0
, n
2
= z
2
z
0
si se nlocuieste mai sus. Prin taieturi:
x
a
+
y
b
+
z
c
= 1. Dat de un punct si de normala Ai +Bj +Ck: (x x
0
)A+ (y y
0
)B + (z z
0
)C = 0.
5. Intersect ii, proiect ii, unghiuri:
d(M, D)=
M
0
M v
D

v
D

, M
0
D, d(M, )=
|Ax
M
+By
M
+Cz
M
+D|

A
2
+B
2
+C
2
, d(D
1
, D
2
)=
|(M
1
M
2
; v
D
1
; v
D
2
)|
v
D
1
v
D
2

, M
1
D
1
, M
2
D
2
Perpendiculara comun a: direct ie v =v
D
1
v
D
2
, ec. - la intersect ia planelor (M
1
, v, v
D
1
) si (M
2
, v, v
D
2
), M
1
D
1
, M
2
D
2
.
6. Sfera:
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
sau x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+mx +ny +pz +q = 0.
Cerc=sfera plan.
Planul tangent - prin dedublare: x
2
xx
0
, x
x+x
0
2
.
7. Conice: H(x, y) = a
11
x
2
+a
22
y
2
+2a
12
xy+2a
13
x+2a
23
y+a
33
= 0. Invariant i: =

a
11
a
12
a
13
a
12
a
22
a
23
a
13
a
23
a
33

, =

a
11
a
12
a
12
a
22

,
I = a
11
+a
22
.
8. Cuadrice:
2
: (a
11
x
2
+ a
22
y
2
+ a
33
z
2
+ 2a
12
xy + 2a
13
xz + 2a
23
yz) + (2a
14
x + 2a
24
y + 2a
34
z) + a
44
= 0,
D =
_
_
_
_
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
14
a
12
a
22
a
23
a
24
a
13
a
23
a
33
a
34
a
14
a
24
a
34
a
44
_
_
_
_
, A =
_
_
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
12
a
22
a
23
a
13
a
23
a
33
_
_
. Invariant i: = det D, = det A, = rangD, r = rangA,
p=nr. de patrate pozitive.
9. Suprafet e cilindrice, conice, de rotat ie: Ec. supr. cilindrice care se sprijina pe curba :

f(x, y, z) = 0
g(x, y, z) = 0
si are
generatoarea paralela cu dreapta D :

P
1
(x, y, z) = 0
P
2
(x, y, z) = 0
se obt ine eliminand , din sist. a). Ec. supr. cilindrice tangente
la supr. F(x, y, z) = 0 si cu generatoarea paralela cu D :

P
1
(x, y, z) = 0
P
2
(x, y, z) = 0
se obt ine eliminand , din sist. b). Conul de
varf V (sist. c)) care se sprijina pe curba :

f(x, y, z) = 0
g(x, y, z) = 0
se obt ine eliminand , din sist. d). Conul de varf V (sist.
c)) tangent la supr. F(x, y, z) = 0 se obt ine eliminand , din sist. e). Suprafat a de rotat ie generata de rotirea curbei
: f(x, y, z) = 0, g(x, y, z) = 0 n jurul dreptei D :
x x
0
l
=
y y
0
m
=
z z
0
n
se obt ine eliminand , din sist. f).
1
a)
_

_
P
1
(x, y, z) =
P
2
(x, y, z) =
f(x, y, z) = 0
g(x, y, z) = 0
, b)
_
_
_
P
1
(x, y, z) =
P
2
(x, y, z) =
F(x, y, z) = 0
, c) V :
_
_
_
P
1
(x, y, z) = 0
P
2
(x, y, z) = 0
P
3
(x, y, z) = 0
, d)
_

_
P
1
(x, y, z) = P
3
(x, y, z)
P
2
(x, y, z) = P
3
(x, y, z)
f(x, y, z) = 0
g(x, y, z) = 0
,
e)
_
_
_
P
1
(x, y, z) = P
3
(x, y, z)
P
2
(x, y, z) = P
3
(x, y, z)
F(x, y, z) = 0
, f)
_

_
(x x
0
)
2
+ (y y
0
)
2
+ (z z
0
)
2
=
2
l(x x
0
) +m(y y
0
) +n(z z
0
) =
f(x, y, z) = 0
g(x, y, z) = 0
.
Clasicarea conicelor
= 0
> 0
I < 0
elipsa
2
1
0
1
2
3
y
2 1 1 2 3 4
x
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1 centru:

a
11
x + a
12
y + a
13
= 0
a
12
x + a
22
y + a
23
= 0
,
axe: a
12
k
2
+(a
11
a
22
)k a
12
= 0,
ec. axe:
H
x
+ k
1,2
H
y
= 0
< 0 hiperbol a
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
y
8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8
x
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1 centru:

a
11
x + a
12
y + a
13
= 0
a
12
x + a
22
y + a
23
= 0
,
axe: a
12
k
2
+(a
11
a
22
)k a
12
= 0,
asimpt.: a
22
k
2
+ 2a
12
k + a
11
= 0,
ec. axe/asimpt:
H
x
+ k
1,2
H
y
= 0
= 0 parabol a
6
4
2
2 y
2 4 6 8 10
x
Y
2
= 2pX p =

I
3
, axa: Y = 0, tg. n
v arf: X = 0
= 0 > 0 drepte imaginare intersect ia este un punct real
< 0 drepte reale
= 0 dreapta
1
Clasicarea cuadricelor
= 0 = 0 p = 3 elipsoid
1
0.5
0.5
1
z
1
0.5
0.5
1
y
1
0.5
0.5
1
x
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
= 1
= 4 r = 3 p = 2 hiperboloid
cu o panza
1
0.5
0.5
1
z
1
0.5
0.5
1
y
1
0.5
0.5
1
x
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2

z
2
c
2
= 1

x
a

z
c
=

1
y
b

x
a

z
c
=
1

1 +
y
b

p = 1 hiperboloid
cu doua
panze
4
2
2
4
z
4
2
2
4
y
4
2
2
4
x
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2

z
2
c
2
= 1
= 0 p = 2 paraboloid
eliptic
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
z
1
0.5
0.5
1
y
2
1
1
2
x
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 2pz
r = 2 p = 1 paraboloid
hiperbolic
1
0.5
0.5
1
z
1
0.5
0.5
1
y
1
0.5
0.5
1
x
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 2pz

x
a

z
c
= 2p
x
a

z
c
=
1

z
= 0 = 0 p = 3 punct dublu (y
1
)
2
+ (y
2
)
2
+ (y
3
)
2
= 0
= 3 r = 3 p = 2, 1 con circular
1
0.5
0.5
1
z
2
1
1
2
y
2
1
1
2
x
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
=
z
2
c
2
= 0 p = 2 cilindru elip-
tic
1
0.5
0.5
1
z
1
0.5
0.5
1
y
1
0.5
0.5
1
x
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1
r = 2 p = 1 cilindru
hiperbolic
1
0.5
0.5
1
z
1
0.5
0.5
1
y
1
0.5
0.5
1
x
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1
= 0 p, r = 1 cilindru par-
abolic
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
z
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y
1
0.5
0.5
1
x
(y
1
)
2
= 2 (y
2
)
= 0 = 0 p = 2 dreapta
dubl a
(y
1
)
2
+ (y
2
)
2
= 0
= 2 r = 2 p = 1 plane se-
cante
(y
1
)
2
(y
2
)
2
= 0
= 0 p, r = 1 plane
paralele
(y
1
)
2
= 1
plane con-
fundate
(y
1
)
2
= 0
1
2
10. Curbe plane: Reprezentare: vectorial: r = r(t), t R, parametric:

x = x(t)
y = y(t)
, cartezian explicit: y = y(x),
cartezian implicit: F(x, y) = 0. Elementul de arc: ds = dr; parametric: dr =

x
2
(t) + y
2
(t) dt; cartezian
explicit: ds =

1 + y
2
(x) dx. Lungimea arcului M
0
(t
0
)M
1
(t
1
): l
M
0
M
1
=

t
1
t
0
ds. Tangenta n M
0
(t
0
): vectorial:
R = r(t
0
) +

r(t
0
), parametric:

x = x(t
0
) + x(t
0
)
y = y(t
0
) + y(t
0
)
, cartezian: y y
0
= k
T
(x x
0
). Panta tangentei: parametric:
k
T
=
y(t
0
)
x(t
0
)
, cartezian explicit k
T
= y(x
0
), cartezian implicit k
T
=
F

x
(x
0
, y
0
)
F

y
(x
0
, y
0
)
. Normala: y y
0
= k
N
(x x
0
), unde
k
N
k
T
= 1. Puncte singulare sunt solut iile sistemului

F(x, y) = 0
F

x
(x, y) = 0
F

y
(x, y) = 0
. Panta tangentei n punctele singulare e solut ia
ecuat iei: F

x
2
+ 2F

xy
k
T
+ F

y
2
k
2
T
= 0, cu = 4(F

xy
F

x
2
F

y
2
). > 0 nod, = 0 punct de ntoarcere, < 0
punct izolat. Curbura n M
0
(t
0
): parametric: k =
x(t
0
) y(t
0
) x(t
0
) y(t
0
)
( x(t
0
)
2
+ y(t
0
)
2
)
3/2
, cartezian explicit: k =
y(x)
(1 + y(x)
2
)
3/2
, cartezian
implicit: k =
F

x
2
F

y
2
2F

x
F

y
F

xy
+F

y
2
F

x
2
(F

x
2
+F

y
2
)
3/2
. Raza de curbura: R(M
0
) =
1
|k|
.
11. Curbe spat iale: Reprezentare: vectorial: r = r(t), t R, parametric:

x = x(t)
y = y(t)
z = z(t)
, cartezian explicit:

y = y(x)
z = z(x)
,
cartezian implicit:

f(x, y, z) = 0
g(x, y, z) = 0
. Elementul de arc: ds = dr; parametric: dr =

x
2
(t) + y
2
(t) + z
2
(t) dt,
cartezian explicit: ds =

1 + y
2
(x) + z
2
(x) dx. Lungimea arcului M
0
(t
0
)M
1
(t
1
): l
M
0
M
1
=

t
1
t
0
ds.
Triedrul lui Frenet
Muchii: tangenta (T
M
0
()), cu vect. dir. t, normala principala (D
n
()), cu vect. dir.
n, binormala (D
b
()), cu vect. dir. b. Vectori directori: t = xi + yj + zk

t
0
, b =
Ai +Bj +Ck

t
0
, n = li +mj +nk

t
0
, unde: A =

y z
y z

t
0
, B =

x z
x z

t
0
, C =

x y
x y

t
0
,
l =

y z
B C

t
0
, m =

x z
A C

t
0
, n =

x y
A B

t
0
. Versori: t
0
=
t
t
, b
0
=
b
b
, n
0
=
n
n
.
Relat ii: b t = n, t n = b, n b = t. Plane: planul normal (P
N
() = (M
0
, n, b)), planul
osculator (P
o
() = (M
0
, n, t)), planul recticant (P
r
() = (M
0
, t, b)).
Curbura: (M
0
) =

A
2
+B
2
+C
2
( x
2
(t
0
) + y
2
(t
0
) + z
2
(t
0
))
3/2
; vectorial:
r(t
0
) r(t
0
)
r(t
0
)
3
; raza de curbura: R =
1

. Torsiunea:
(M
0
) =

A
2
+B
2
+C
2
, unde =

x y z
x y z
...
x
...
y
...
z

t
0
, vectorial:
( r(t
0
); r(t
0
);
...
r (t
0
))
r(t
0
) r(t
0
)
2
; raza de torsiune: T =
1
||
13. Suprafet e: Reprezentari: vectorial: r =r(u, v), (u, v) D, parametric:

x=x(u, v)
y =y(u, v)
z =z(u, v)
, cartezian explicit: z =f(x, y),
cartezian implicit: F(x, y, z) = 0. Plan tangent: vectorial: (Rr; r

u
, r

v
) = 0, unde r

u
= x

u
i+y

u
j+z

u
k, r

v
= x

v
i+y

v
j+z

v
k;
parametric:

X x
0
Y y
0
Z z
0
x

u
y

u
z

u
x

v
y

v
z

M
0
= 0, sau:
D(y, z)
D(u, v)

M
0
(Xx
0
) +
D(z, x)
D(u, v)

M
0
(Y y
0
) +
D(x, y)
D(u, v)

M
0
(Zz
0
) = 0, unde
D(y, z)
D(u, v)

M
0
=

u
z

u
y

v
z

M
0
,
D(z, x)
D(u, v)

M
0
=

u
x

u
z

v
x

M
0
,
D(x, y)
D(u, v)

M
0
=

u
y

u
x

v
y

M
0
; cartezian explicit: p(Xx
0
)+q(Y y
0
)(Zz
0
)=0,
unde p =
z
x

M
0
, q =
z
y

M
0
; cartezian implicit: F

x
|
M
0
(Xx
0
) + F

M
0
(Y y
0
) + F

z
|
M
0
(Zz
0
) = 0. Dreapta normala:
vectorial: n = r

u
r

v
, parametric:
(Xx
0
)
D(y,z)
D(u,v)

M
0
=
(Y y
0
)
D(z,x)
D(u,v)

M
0
=
(Zz
0
)
D(x,y)
D(u,v)

M
0
, cartezian explicit:
Xx
0
p
=
Y y
0
q
=
Zz
0
1
,
cartezian implicit:
(Xx
0
)
F

x
|
M
0
=
(Y y
0
)
F

M
0
=
(Zz
0
)
F

z
|
M
0
. Prima forma fundamentala: I = E du
2
+ 2F dudv + Gdv
2
;
determinantul primei forme fundamentale:
I
= EG F
2
. Calculul E, F, G : parametric: E = x

u
2
+ y

u
2
+ z

u
2
,
F = x

u
x

v
+y

u
y

v
+z

u
z

v
, G = x

v
2
+y

v
2
+z

v
2
; cartezian implicit: E = 1 +p
2
, F = pq, G = 1 +q
2
; cartezian explicit: E =
1+

x
F

2
, F =
F

x
F

y
(F

z
)
2
, G = 1+

y
F

2
. A doua forma fundamentala: II = Ldu
2
+2M dudv +N dv
2
; determinantul
3
celei de-a doua forme fundamentale:
II
= LN M
2
. Calculul L, M, N : parametric: L =
1

u
y

u
z

u
x

v
y

v
z

v
x

u
2
y

u
2
z

u
2

,
M =
1

u
y

u
z

u
x

v
y

v
z

v
x

uv
y

uv
z

uv

, N =
1

u
y

u
z

u
x

v
y

v
z

v
x

v
2
y

v
2
z

v
2

; cartezian implicit: L =
z

u
2

1 +p
2
+q
2
, M =
z

uv

1 +p
2
+q
2
,
N =
z

v
2

1 +p
2
+q
2
. Elementul de arie: d =

EGF
2
dudv, vectorial: d = r

u
r

v
dudv, cartezian explicit:
d =

1 +p
2
+q
2
dxdy. Aria suprafet ei: A =

D
d. Natura unui punct M
0
:
II
(M
0
) > 0 punct eliptic,

II
(M
0
) = 0 punct parabolic,
II
(M
0
) < 0 punct hiperbolic;
E
L
=
F
M
=
G
N
M
0
- punct circular. Curburile
suprafet ei se obt in rezolvand ecuat ia (EGF
2
)k
2
(EN +GL 2FM)k + (LN M
2
) = 0; avem: curburile principale:
k
1
, k
2
, curbura medie:
k
1
+k
2
2
, curbura Gauss k
1
k
2
.
4