SCIENCE MOTION

Body at rest : A body is said to be in the state of rest when it remains in the same position with respect to time. e.g.: The position of trees around the building is not changing with respect to the building. Then the trees are at rest.

Body in motion : A body is said to be in the state of motion, when it continuously changes its position with respect to time. e.g.: When we are cycling or running, we are changing position with respect to trees and buildings. we are said to be moving DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT Distance is the length of the path covered by a body. It has no sense of direction so it is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit of measurement is meter or m The distance between the two places is not the same; it depends upon the path chosen. Displacement: The shortest distance, or distance travelled along a straight line, is known as displacement. If we draw a semicircle of radius 10cm. Then, Displacement = r + r = 20cm Distance = 2pr/2 = 10 x 22/7 cm = 31.4cm

UNIFORM MOTION AND NON UNIFORM MOTION If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion. If an object covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in non-uniform motion.

MEASURING THE RATE OF MOTION Speed :It is the distance travelled in one second (or) rate of distance travelled.

Q. A car starts from Samastipur and reaches Patna in 6 hour. A bus takes 8 hour to travel the same distance. Which has moved faster? Why?

The car travels faster than the bus, because it covers the distance in a short time. When a body covers a distance in a short time, it is said to be fast. If it takes more time to cover the distance, it is said to be slow.

Hence, Speed is the quantity used to say whether the motion is slow or fast.

Speed = Total Distance travelled/ Time taken Speed has no sense of the direction of motion so it is a scalar quantity SI Units: Speed is measured in m/s (or) m/s It can also be expressed in km/hour (or) kmh-1

Velocity : The speed with direction is known as velocity. So to measure the velocity, you should consider displacement instead of distance. Velocity is the displacement made in one second (or) rate of change of displacement. Rate of change means, change per second.

Velocity = Displacement/Time It S. I. Unit is also m/s

Uniform Velocity: Equal displacement covered by a body in equal intervals of time is known as uniform velocity. Acceleration is the change in velocity of an object per second or rate of change of velocity. Acceleration = Change in velocity/Time taken. The unit of acceleration is m/s2 or ms-2 There are two cases of of change of velocity If the velocity of the body increases with time, the acceleration is positive, and the kind of motion is called accelerated motion. If the velocity of the body decreases with time, the acceleration is negative (retardation), and the motion is called decelerated motion.

Uniform Acceleration: If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity increases or decreases by equal amount in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of the object is uniform.

We can derive a formula for acceleration. a= [v u] / t Where u - initial velocity, v - final velocity t time.

Graphical representation of motion Graphs gives a convenient method to present basic information about a variety of events . To describe the motion of an object, we can use line graphs. In this case, line graphs show dependence of one physical quantity such as distance or velocity and time The change in the position of an object with time can be represented on the distance-time graph. In this graph, time is taken along the x-axis and distance is taken along the y-axis as shown in figure (1)

Distance-time graph can be employed under various conditions where objects move with uniform speed, non-uniform speed, remain at rest etc. We can use the distance-time graph to determine the speed of an object. In the graph, AC denotes the time interval (t2-t1) while BC correspondence to the distance (S2-S1). Thus the object moves from the point A to B, it covers a distance (S2-S1) in time (t2-t1). The speed of object can be given as

The variation in velocity with time for an object moving in a straight line can be represented by a velocity-time graph, In this graph, time is taken along the x-axis and the velocity along the y-axis as shown in graph (2)

Figure 2 velocity - time graph

If the object moves at uniform velocity, the height of its velocity-time graph will not change with time. It will be a straight line parallel to the x-axis. Since the product of velocity and time give displacement of an object moving with uniform velocity. The area enclosed by velocity-time graph and time axis will be equal to the magnitude of the displacement. Note: In the case of non-uniformly motion, velocity-time graphs can have any shape

If an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its velocity, acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it a certain time interval by a set of equations known as the equation of motion. These equations are given as V = u + at .....(1) S = ut + 1/2at2 ....(2) 2 as = v2 - u2.....(3) Here u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t, v is the final velocity, and S is the distance travelled by the object in time t

If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is known as uniform circular motion. If an object takes t second to go one around the ircle path of radius r, the velocity is given as