Description

Transportation is one of the key factors for the economy and society. Therefore, transport policymakers have to create the policy frameworks that require the transport sector to sustain energy with the three-dimensional objective namely ecology, economy and social acceptability. In chapter 2, the report discusses about international experiences on reduction of energy use in transportation sector. There are many methods and policies to reduce energy consumption in transport sector, however only several of them that are suitable to be used in Malaysia are elaborated in this chapter. Those include fuel economy standard for motor vehicle, fuel economy labels, fuel switching, fuel taxation, emission abatement, further improvements to vehicles which have been implemented in other developed as well as developing countries. The study found that many policies can be implemented directly in Malaysia while some others must be modified to make it suitable for this country. For example fuel economy label guide program can be directly implemented however fuel economy standard must be modified because Malaysia has its local vehicle manufacturers that have to be protected.

Emissions in the transportation sector produce adverse effects on the environment that influent human health, organism growth, climatic changes and so on. The Kyoto protocol by the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCC) in December 1997, prescribed legally binding greenhouse gas emission target of about 5% below their 1990 level. About 160 countries including Malaysia now adopt this protocol. The transportation sector is the main contributor for emission in this country. In order to calculate the potential emission by this activity, the types of fuel use should be identified. The study found that there are no radical changes of fuel use for transportation sector in Malaysia. The data showed that fuel use are 53% petrol, 34% diesel, 13% ATF, 0.06% Natural Gas, and 0.03% electricity in year 2000. It was projected to be 46% petrol, 42% diesel, 12% ATF, 0.29% Natural Gas and only 0.07% electricity in the year 2020. The study found that the transportation sector has contributed huge emissions in this country and the change on fuel type is necessary to change the emission. These are discussed intensively in chapter 3.

The main part of the transport and energy investigations and projections is presented in Chapter 4. The first part of the chapter discusses a review of existing data available from related authorities and transportation studies that were undertaken to date. Population growth, socio-economic factors and energy use in transportation sector have been considered. Forecasting future transportation growth based on population growth and socio-economic factors up to 20 years is presented. Consideration of relationship between transportation trips production and energy consumption is elaborated. Formulation of a model for forecasting energy consumption by transportation sector and model validation that takes into consideration the correlation coefficient is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the uses of the model to analyze energy consumption based on the modal split scenarios are also presented. This topic is discussed in Chapter 5.

Due to rapid economic growth, the usage of fuel especially petrol and diesel for transportation sector has increased tremendously. As a result, the government is encouraging the use of alternative fuels in the transportation sector. One of the proposals is to use natural gas (NG) as an alternative fuel and proposing a suitable policy for it. Study on natural gas vehicle (NGV) has been undertaken to identify the deficiency and to improve the previous policies. This study involved respondents (consumers) from public transports (taxi drivers, taxi and bus companies) and owners of pump stations to identify their opinion about the policy. Data collection to identify an overview of the current status of NGV developmen