IHTH@O[MHJY FNG@@HJAHVVOXYN-VOXYN VO@XYLOJV
H-jhqv`hyyhs od ynh V{hflg` Xjly dos Voxyn-Voxyn Foo{hsgyloj lj XJI[
․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․*․
*
7* Ljiojhvlgj Qooihj Sgilo Vxffhhiv qlyn Aooi Ihvlaj
Ojh Ljiojhvlgj ljixvyslg` ihvlajhs ngv {lojhhshi gj ljjotgylth cxvljhvv yngy ngvshexthjgyhi ynh hfojom| od g dgsmlja tl``gah gji lm{sothi ynh vxvygljgcl`ly| od `ofg`doshvyv - gji nh!v iolja ly g`` qlyn qooi*G sgjah od qooihj sgilov .qooihj-sgilo*fom, no`i {slih od {`gfh dos ynh Mgajo csgji.nyy{5//qqq*mgajo-ihvlaj*fom/?li=qs;7g, qnlfn ngv fgsthi oxy g jlfnh gv g mgbhs od nlan-wxg`ly| fsgdyhi {soixfyv yngy mgss| ysgilylojg` vbl``v qlyn moihsj ihvlaj* Mgajo lvfshgylja eocv gji vbl``v qnl`h g`vo fshgylja g xjlwxh h~{osygc`h {soixfy yngy fommgjivg aooi {slfh*Ljiojhvlgj ihvlajhs Vljaaln Vxvl`o Bgsyojo ihth`o{hi ynh sgilo ihvlaj fojfh{yv qnl`hgy ynh Dgfx`y| od Dljh Gsy gji Ihvlaj lj Cgjixja Egtg Ljiojhvlg lj ynh 7<<;v*Nh ygbhv gj osagjlf g{{sogfn yo ihvlajlja hjeo|lja ynh eoxsjh| gji joy jhfhvvgsl`|chlja vxsh qnhsh nh lv aolja*#L jhths vygsy m| ihvlaj gffosilja yo ynh mgsbhy shvhgsfn os ihmgji* L ihvlaj c|gcvosclja hthjyv a`ocg` os `ofg` hthjyv gji hthj mxjigjh igl`| `ldh ynljav yngy ng{{hjgsoxji mh* Fojvhwxhjy`| L vygsy yo ynljb qngy ql`` ch aooi gji chyyhs dos ynhvh{ho{`h# nh h~{`gljv lj nlv csofnxsh*Ynh qosbvno{ lj qnlfn ynh sgilov gsh mgih lv g ngjivomh qooihj-soodhi cxl`ilja gjifsgdyv{ho{`h vly gy `oja qooihj ygc`hv yo gvvhmc`h ynh moih`v*Hgfn sgilo lv mgih dsom g vlja`h {lhfh od qooi gji ygbhv g fsgdyv{hsvoj 74 noxsv yofojvysxfy isgqlja oj ysgilylojg` qooiqosblja vbl``v* Ynh sgilov gsh mgih dsom Ljilgjsovhqooi qnlfn lv odyhj xvhi yo mgjxdgfyxsh mgj| mxvlfg` ljvysxmhjyv chfgxvh od lyvh~fh``hjy voxji shvojgjfh*Ynh sgilov gsh mgih lj vygahv qlyn mosh yngj 3; vyh{v ljto`thi lj gvvhmc`lja hgfnojh* Ynh ljiltlixg` {gsyv gsh {shflvloj fxy c| mgfnljhv chdosh chlja gvvhmc`hi xvlja gyojaxh gji asooth.nyy{5//hj*qlbl{hilg*osa/qlbl/Yojaxh_gji_asooth,fojvysxfyloj
yhfnjlwxh*Vomh sgilo moih`v ngth g fnxjb| shyso g{{hgsgjfh gji ml~ igsb gji `lany qooi yoalth gj h|h-{`hgvlja fojysgvy* Oynhsv gsh mosh moihsj ihvlajv qlyn g v`hhb {sodl`h*Ynhsh lv g `gsah thsvloj g !Mljl! g v`hhb moihsj Fxch! thsvloj gji g shfygjax`gs thsvloj*Ynhsh lv g`vo g soxji f`ofb gji g qooihj ihvbyo{ oddlfh vhy qlyn tgsloxv hvvhjylg`v `lbhg qooihj vyg{`hs*Ynh sgilov vh`` dos chyqhhj Hxsov << .XV )739, gji Hxsov 33; .XV )314, gji gshvnl{{hi yo Hxso{h tlg Vljag{osh yo Ngmcxsa lj Ahsmgj|*#Yo mh qooi lv vomhqngy g {hsdhfy mgyhslg` - hv{hflg``| ld L fom{gsh ly yo v|jynhylfojhv# Bgsyojo vgli* #Lj qooi qh fox`i dlji vyshjayn gji qhgbjhvv gitgjygahv gjiilvgitgjygahv os soxanjhvv gji g`vo vodyjhvv* Qooi lv ngsi gji vo`li cxy |hy ly lv 7;;{hs fhjy hfo-dslhji`| gv ly lv ihasgigc`h gji `hgthv jo qgvyh mgyhslg`v oj ynh hgsyn*#Ashgy fgsh lv ygbhj lj vh`hfylja ynh qooi gji hjvxslja ly lv dsom `ofg` vxvygljgc`h{`gjygyloj voxsfhv* Gffosilja yo lyv qhcvlyh Mgajo xvhi >; yshhv lj 3;7; dos lyv sgilovcxy lj yxsj {`gjyhi >;;; yshhv gsoxji ynh tl``gah* Ynlv shahjhsgyloj ngv chfomh {gsy od ynh {sofhvv od fshgylja ynh sgilov*Mgajo ngv qoj jxmhsoxv gqgsiv ljf`xilja ynh Csly Ihvlaj Gqgsi .XB, Ihvlaj [`xvGqgsi .Ahsmgj|, Aooi Ihvlaj Gqgsi/A-Mgsb .Eg{gj, gji ynh Ljiojhvlg Aooi IhvlajVh`hfyloj Gqgsiv*#Ynh qooi L xvh dos ynh mgjxdgfyxslja {sofhvv mg| jhhi gv `oja gv 8; |hgsv yo shgfnmgyxsly|# Bgsyojo vgli* #L qgjy {ho{`h joy oj`| yo ynljb gcoxy h~oylf os {shfloxv qooivcxy `lbhqlvh gcoxy ynh dgfy yngy aooi ynljav shwxlsh ylmh* G`` ocehfyv yngy vxssoxji xvvnox`i ch ynoxany-{sotoblja* Fsgdyvmgjvnl{ oslaljg``| qgv ynh gsy od ihg`lja qlyn sgq
Exjh 3;73
Lj ynlv lvvxh5
Ljiojhvlgj Qooihj Sgilo Vxffhhivqlyn Aooi IhvlajAocl Ihvhsy Qljh yo Ygfb`h [othsy| gjiCoovy LjfomhvMgxslygjlgj Mxvlf Vno{ Vngshv Vojavgji Dslhjivnl{A`ocg` Voxyn Hfo-flylhv Vnoq Noq ynhDxyxsh Fgj ChJhq Eoxsjg` Fh`hcsgyhv Tlcsgjf| od Moihsj Gdslfg
․․․․․․․․․․․․․
Dhgyxshi `ljbv5
․․․․․․․․․․․․**
Wxlfb `ljbv5
․․․․․․․․․․․․**
Coobmgsb qlyn5
qngy lv ynlv?
․․․․․․․․․․․․**
․․․․․․․․․․․․**
․․․․․․․․․․․․**
mgyhslg`v lj g vhjvlc`h gji hfojomlfg` qg|*#Gv Bgsyojo yh``v ly nh dgfhi ynh y|{lfg` xjlthsvly| asgixgyh!v il`hmmg gcoxy nlv fgshhs {gyn* Vnox`i nh qosb gv gj lj-noxvhihvlajhs lj g fly| os shyxsj yo nlv nomh tl``gah od Bgjigjagj gji vygsy g cxvljhvv? Nlv fnolfh qgv xjxvxg`* Ojfh vomhcoi|qlyn g xjlthsvly| hixfgyloj `hgthv g vmg`` tl``gah ly lv sgsh ynh| shyxsj* Gji gy dlsvy Bgsyojo ili joy*Cxy nh qgv isgqj cgfb c| ynh ilsh vlyxgyloj lj ynh tl``gah gji ihflihi yo g{{`| nlv bjoq`hiah od {soixfy ihvlaj yo shtlth lyvhfojomlf dosyxjhv* Nh vygsyhi c| tlvlylja exvy yqlfh g |hgs chfgxvh yngy qgv g`` nh fox`i gddosi* Ynlv ngi ynh gitgjygah od altlja nlm {hsv{hfylth oj ynh vlyxgyloj lj ynh tl``gah*#Gy dlsvy a`gjfh ynhvh fngjahv .ng{{hjlja yo ynh tl``gah, qhsh vhhj gv g !{soashvv!# nh vgli* #Cxy qnhj L `oobhi mosh f`ovh`| Lfojf`xihi yngy ly qgv oj`| ynh !vxsdgfh! qnlfn h~{hslhjfhi fngjah* Ynh cgvlf vysxfyxsh od ynh tl``gah ili joy xjihsao gj|fngjahv2 moshoths vomh qgv gfyxg``| ihyhslosgylja*#Nh fojf`xihi yngy ynh tl``gah qgv chlja igmgahi c| tgsloxv aothsjmhjy gyyhm{yv yo moihsjluh gaslfx`yxsg` {sgfylfhv* Ynhihcy {soc`hmv ynlv fgxvhi mhgjy mgj| dgsmhsv `ovy ynhls dgsmv gji qhsh dosfhi yo vhhb qosb lj ynh fly| os `oob dos gjoynhsqg| yo mgbh mojh|*Fsgdy qosb vhhmhi yo ch ynh gjvqhs yo ynlv {soc`hm* Ly ngv mgj| gitgjygahv gv Bgsyojo vhhv ly* Ly lv vomhynlja yngy fgj asoqgji dlyv qh`` qlyn tl``gah `ldhvy|`hv* Ly lv `gcoxs ljyhjvlth iohvj!y jhhi vo{nlvylfgyhi yhfnjo`oa| gji fgj xvh g`shgi| h~lvylja`ofg` shvoxsfhv*Bgsyojo qgv ljv{lshi c| ojh od nlv yhgfnhsv gy xjlthsvly| gj gitofgyh od ynh !Jhq Fsgdy! g{{sogfn qnlfn g{{`lhv moihsjmgjgahmhjy yhfnjlwxhv yo ysgilylojg` fsgdyvmgjvnl{* Ynh lihg lv vlm{`h cxy ths| hddhfylth* Ly chaljv qlyn mgblja vxsh hths|vyh{ od ynh mgjxdgfyxslja {sofhvv lv vygjigsiluhi yo hjvxsh fojvlvyhjy wxg`ly| gji mgyhslg`v* G jhq {soixfy os ihvlaj lv dlsvycsobhj ioqj ljyo vyh{v gji g {soixfy mgjxg` lv {xy yoahynhs* Oj`| ynhj lv ynh mgjxdgfyxslja {sofhvv fgsslhi oxy*Qnl`h ynh Jhq Fsgdy mhynoi voxjiv vlm{`h gji octloxv mgj| fsgdy mgbhsv io joy ygbh ynlv g{{sogfn* C| do``oqlja ynlvmhynoio`oa| ly lv {ovvlc`h yo wxlfb`| ysglj jhq fsgdy qosbhsv gji vygsy x{ mgjxdgfyxslja lj g jhq tl``gah os fommxjly|* Fsgdy lvljfshgvlja`| chlja vhhj gv g aooi qg| yo sh-hm{`o| {ho{`h qno dosmhs`| qosbhi lj dgsmlja* Ynh Jhq Fsgdy g{{sogfn fgjfshgyh nlan-wxg`ly| {soixfyv yngy qox`i vh`` qh`` lj ynh h~{osy mgsbhy* G fommoj {soc`hm qlyn fsgdyv lv hlynhs {oos wxg`ly|fojyso` os ljfojvlvyhjy mgjxdgfyxslja mhynoiv* Ynlv fgj dhhi vyhshoy|{hv od fsgdy {soixfyv gji mgbh ynhm `oob vhfoji-sgyh ljfom{gslvoj yo mgfnljh-mgjxdgfyxshi {soixfyv lj ynh mgsbhy{`gfh*#Ihvlaj dos xv lv mosh yngj exvy fshgylja g qh``-ihvlajhi {soixfy yngy lv {soixfhi gji fojvxmhi lj fo`ovvg` gmoxjy# Bgsyojovgli* #Ihvlaj mxvy ch g qg| yo vo`th gji mljlmluh {soc`hmv*#
@LJBV5
7,
Fsgi`h yo Fsgi`h5 Shmgblja ynh Qg| Qh Mgbh Ynljav c| Ql``lgm MfIojoxan gji Mlfngh` Csgxjagsy* Ly lv g mgjldhvyofg``lja dos ynh ysgjvdosmgyloj od nxmgj ljixvys| ynsoxan hfo`oalfg``| ljyh``lahjy ihvlaj*
Qhcvlyh5
Slo"3;5 Gy ynh Slo"3; Fojdhshjfh qos`i `hgihsv g`oja qlyn ynoxvgjiv od {gsylfl{gjyv dsom aothsjmhjyv ynh {sltgyhvhfyos JAOv gji oynhs asox{v ql`` fomh yoahynhs yo vng{h noq qh fgj shixfh {othsy| gitgjfh voflg` hwxly| gjihjvxsh hjtlsojmhjyg` {soyhfyloj oj gj hths mosh fsoqihi {`gjhy yo ahy yo ynh dxyxsh qh qgjy*
Qhcvlyh5
3* Aocl Ihvhsy Qljh yo Ygfb`h [othsy| gji Coovy Ljfomhv
Lj ynh gsli Aocl ihvhsy v{gjjlja ynh yqo Gvlgj jgylojv od Fnljg gji Mojao`lg lv g co`i gyyhm{y yo mgbh qljh gji shixfh{othsy|* Ynh hjtlsojmhjy lv ngsvn qlyn yhm{hsgyxshv vqljalja dsom vxc-uhso qljyhs fo`i yo vqh`yhslja vxmmhs nhgy* Ynh
ihvhsy lv g`vo nomh yo nlan qljiv gji joyosloxv ixvy vyosmv yngy {`gaxh Fnljg“v fg{lyg` Chlelja hths| |hgs*
Fnljg“v qljh ljixvys| lv coomlja gv {ho{`h ngth hmcsgfhi ynh isljb!v {hsfhlthi nhg`yn
-altlja wxg`lylhv gji gsh xvlja ly yofh`hcsgyh jhq-doxji qhg`yn gv ynh hfojom| ngv d`oxslvnhi* Fxsshjy qljh fojvxm{yloj lj Fnljg lv ng`d g `lysh {hs {hsvoj {hs|hgs `oq fom{gshi yo ynh Dshjfn gthsgah od 88 `lyshv g |hgs* Cxy ynlv lv asoqlja wxlfb`|*Qh``-bjoqj csgjiv ljf`xih Ashgy Qg`` I|jgvy| gji Fngja|x.nyy{5//qqq*fngja|x*fom*fj/hja`lvn/ljih~*nym`, qnlfn lv
fojvlihshi ynh qos`i“v 7;yn `gsahvy qljh {soixfhs*
Ojh ljjotgylth qljhs| lv xvlja ynlv qljh coom yo ygfb`h {othsy| gji ljfshgvh `ofg` qhg`yn*Fngyhgx Ngjvhj .ngjvhjqljh*fom, lj Ljjhs Mojao`lg ngv chhj o{hsgylja vljfh ynh 7<>;v cxy shfhjy h~{gjvloj gjimoihsjlugyloj ngth vlajldlfgjy`| ljfshgvhi lyv hgsjlja {oqhs gji ynh jxmchs od {ho{`h ly hm{`o|v* @ofgyhi lj gj gshg qlynnlan `hth`v od {othsy| ly ngv ihth`o{hi g vxffhvvdx` qljh cxvljhvv lj ynh ihvhsy c| yg{{lja ynh {`hjyldx` qgyhs vx{{`lhv dsom ynh\h``oq Slths* Ynh gshg lv joq fojvlihshi ojh od ynh chvy dos asoqlja qljh asg{hv lj Fnljg*@ofgyhi jhgs Qxngl fly|.nyy{5//hj*qlbl{hilg*osa/qlbl/Qxngl, 41; bl`omhyshv qhvy od Chlelja Fngyhgx Ngjvhj ngv 38; nhfygshv
od Mhs`oy Fgchsjhy Vgxtlajoj gji Fgchsjhy Ahsjlvfny asg{htljhv*Ynh tljhv gsh cxslhi xjihs ynh vgji yo {soyhfy ynhm dsom ynh ngsvn qhgynhs lj ynh qljyhs*#Ynh `oqhvy yhm{hsgyxsh ahyv ioqj yo lv ch`oq -3; ihashhv F .Fh`vlxv, cxy lj vxmmhs ly fgj shgfn 6> os 9; ihashhv F .7;3 os7;9 D,# @l Gl~lj Fngyhgx Ngjvhj!v nhgi od tlylfx`yxsh yo`i MVJCF* #Nhsh ynh doxs vhgvojv gsh aooi dos ynh asoqyn od ynhasg{hv cxy lj ynh qljyhs qh jhhi yo cxs| ynhm lj ynh hgsyn# yo bhh{ ynhm dsom dshhulja*Ngjvhj ngv chhj gmclyloxv lj lyv g{{sogfn* Ly ngv g Hxso{hgj-vy|`h fngyhgx noyh` gji hthj g Dshjfn qljh h~{hsy Csxjo
[gxmgsi oj vlyh yo nh`{ qlyn ynh qljh mgblja* Ynh fngyhgx“v fh``gs joq vyoshv 7;;; cgssh`v od qljh*
[gxmgsi gsslt
hi lj Fnljg lj 3;;8* Nh ngv ynsoqj nlmvh`d ljyo Fnljhvh fx`yxsh gji ygvyhi gji yhvyhi ynh foxjys|“v qljhv*
Ngjvhj ngv {soixfhi 9;;;;; coyy`hv od qljh movy`| vo`i lj Fnljg qnhsh shi qljh isljblja ngv chfomh g cla {gsy od ynhfx`yxsh od fh`hcsgyloj*Ngjvhj vh``v ynh mgeosly| od lyv qljh yo aothsjmhjy osagjlugylojv gji shalojg` hjyhs{slvhv* Ly ngv vhhj lyv {sodlyv ioxc`h yo 7;;ml``loj |xgj .XV )7> ml``loj, lj 3;77 gji no{hv vg`hv ql`` ioxc`h gaglj lj 3;73*#Hlany| {hs fhjy od ynh mgsbhy lj Fnljg lv shg``| ynh `ofg` aothsjmhjyv qno hjfoxsgah ynh hjyhs{slvhv lj ynhls flylhv yo fojvxmh
shi qljh od g fhsyglj csgji gy ynhls cgjwxhyv lj ynh {`gfh od Fnljhvh „cglelx! dos ynhls ljfhvvgjy gji jhths
-hjilja yogvyv# vgli[gxmgsi shdhsslja yo Fnljg!v nomh-asoqj slfh qljh* #Vo ly!v gfyxg``| g mgsbhy yngy!v yoyg``| xjlwxh*#
Ngjvhj“v Foyhv ix D`hxth Egxjh ix Ihvhsy ih Aocl ngv chfomh ojh od ynh claahvy gqgsi
-qljjlja qljhv lj Fnljg* Ly shfhlthi gcsojuh mhig` dsom ynh Ljyhsjgylojg` Qljh Fng``hjah od C`g|h jhgs Cosihgx~ Dsgjfh*Fnljg joq vygjiv gv ynh qos`i!v dldyn-`gsahvy fojvxmhs od qljh .Ljyhsjgylojg` Qljh gji V{lsly Shvhgsfn vyxi|,.nyy{5//qqq*lqvs*fo*xb / ,* Ynh mgsbhy lj Fnljg lv doshfgvy yo asoq c| 89 {hs fhjy dsom 3;77 yo 3;78 giilja x{ yo g cl``loj
coyy`hv*
G mg{ od Fnljg“v tljh|gsiv gji ynhls yhssols os vol` fojilylojv vnoqv g ilthsvh qljh
-mgblja vhfyos.nyy{5//qqq*ngjvhjqljh*fom/hja`lvn/tljh|gsi`ljb*nym`,*
Lj ynlv cxv| mgsbhy{`gfh Ngjvhj {slihv lyvh`d oj chlja osagjlf* Ly g`vo ngv ynh aog` od yxsjlja ynh gsli ihvhsy ljyo ashhjtljh|gsiv xvlja lsslagyloj dsom ynh \h``oq Slths gji asoxjiqgyhs* Ly qgjyv yo fshgyh hm{`o|mhjy gji sglvh `ltlja vygjigsiv ljynh shaloj gji lv dlyylja ljyo g jgylojg` vysgyha| yo sglvh `ltlja vygjigsiv dos {oos shalojv*Ynhsh lv g ysgljlja {soasgmmh dos ynh gsoxji 9;; qosbhsv hm{`o|hi c| ynh qljhs|* Jo {hvylflihv gsh xvhi gji oj`| vnhh{ixja lv xvhi gv g dhsyl`luhs {sotlihi c| 6;;; vnhh{ oj vlyh* Yshhv g`vo {`g| g so`h lj {sotlilja nxmxv.nyy{5//hj*qlbl{hilg*osa/qlbl/Nxmxv,dos ynh tljhv* Ynhsh lv g`vo gffommoigyloj lj g jhgsc| tl``gah dos ynh hm{`o|hhv*
Ynhsh gsh 38; nhfygshv od tljh|gsiv gji ynh asg{hv gsh ngsthvyhi c| ngji* H~{gjvloj chagj lj 3;;7 qnhj ynh fngyhgx gjiqljhs| qhsh cxl`y* Ly lv vysgyhalfg``| `ofgyhi exvy 8;; mhyshv dsom gj gls{osy gji ynh fngyhgx ngv g `x~xs| noyh`* Gsoxji 3;;;;
{ho{`h tlvly g |hgs gffosilja yo Ngjvhj“v qhcvlyh csljalja lj dxsynhs ljfomh dos ynh qljhs|* Ynh qljhs| g`vo xvhv Mojao`lgj
fx`yxsh gji fxlvljh gv g vh``lja {oljy yo gyysgfy yoxslvyv*Ynh fnlhd h~hfxylth od Ngjvhj lv Ngj Elgj{lja qno mgih nlv dlsvy dosyxjh lj shg` hvygyh ihth`o{mhjy*Ngj ch`lhthv yngy #ynh momhjyxm od asoqyn lj ynh qljh ljixvys| lv nxah*##Qlyn g ashgy doxjigyloj od mosh yngj 7 cl``loj {ho{`h gv qh ngth lj Fnljg gji .ynh ljixvys|, asoqlja gy 3; os 6; {hs fhjy g|hgs ynhsh lv g nxah {oyhjylg` dos mosh asoqyn# nh vgli*
@LJBV5
7,
Fnljg Qljh Oj`ljh5 Gj ljdosmgyloj vhstlfh yngy g`vo {soixfhv ynh Fnljg Qljh Cxvljhvv mgaguljh gji sxjv ynh FnljgQljh Vyxi| Yoxs*
Qhcvlyh5
Ynh 7;
yn
Vngjangl Ljyhsjgylojg` Qljh gji V{lslyv H~{o 3;765
Qhcvlyh5
6* Mgxslygjlgj Mxvlf Vno{ Vngshv Vojav gji Dslhjivnl{
Gsoxji ynh qos`i ysgilylojg` mxvlf vyoshv vh``lja tlj|` shfosiv yg{hv gji FIv .fom{gfy ilvfv, gsh f`ovlja ioqj* Ilalyg`ioqj`ogiv ilvyslcxyhi oths ynh Ljyhsjhy gji mocl`h {nojhv mgbh ly xjjhfhvvgs| yo cxl`i g mxvlf fo``hfyloj lj ynhvh ngsidosmgyv*Qnl`h ynlv ngv chhj g shto`xyloj yngy ngv mgih gfwxlslja mxvlf gv vlm{`h gv dlslja x{ g ilalyg` ioqj`ogi vhstlfh `lbh lYxjhv lyngv mgj| ioqjvlihv gv qh``* Ojh od ynhm ngv chhj ynh `ovv od tgvy vqgynhv od mxvlfg` nlvyos| gv mgj| vojav shfosihi lj ynh{gvy ngth joy mgih ynhls qg| ljyo ilalyg` ioqj`ogiv* Gji noq fgj |ox dlji mxvlf oj`ljh ld |ox oj`| shmhmchs {gsy od g yxjh
os voja gji fgj“y shmhmchs lyv yly`h os ynh mxvlf
lgj?Ynh cgfbasoxji gji bjoq`hiah yngy qgv ojfh lm{gsyhi c| gj ljdosmhi {hsvoj lj g mxvlf vyosh ngv chhj `ovy lj ynh qos`i od ilalyg` ioqj`ogiv*G Mgxslygjlgj mxvlf vno{ lv vnoqlja noq g ysgilylojg` shfosi vyosh fgj vyg| sh`htgjy gji fommhsflg``| tlgc`h lj ynh 37vy
fhjyxs|* Hjysh{shjhxs Mongmhi Tg``!v Vg{nlsh i!Os vyosh lj Mgxslygjlg“v fg{lyg` Joxgbfnoyy
.nyy{5//hj*qlbl{hilg*osa/qlbl/Joxgbfnoyy, lv g yshgvxsh ysoth od ynh vosy od `oja-`ovy shfosihi vojav yngy josmg``| th~ `othsv od
Gdslfgj mxvlf* [lfyxshv od ynh vno{ fgj ch vhhj gy ynh vgnh`voxjiv c`oa.nyy{5//vgnh`voxjiv*fom/?{=>>1,*
Tg`` ngv sxj ynh vno{ dos ynshh ihfgihv gji gmgvvhi g `gsah fo``hfyloj od sgsh Gdslfgj mxvlf oj shfosiv gji yg{hv* Nh ngvmgsslhi ynlv ysoth od Gdslfgj fshgyltly| y
o g f`hths cxvljhvv moih`5 Tg`` iohvj“y `hy fxvyomhsv cx| ynh {shfloxv shfosiv
ynhmvh`thv cxy ljvyhgi ql`` ysgjvdhs ynh vojav yo g ilvf os g XVC vylfb.nyy{5//hj*qlbl{hilg*osa/qlbl/XVC_d`gvn_islth,dos XV 6;
fhjyv hgfn*Nh ngv g`vo xvhi ysgilylojg` nov{lyg`ly| yo fshgyh gj gymov{nhsh yngy hjfoxsgahv {ho{`h yo ljyhsgfy gji bhh{ fomlja cgfb*
‐L ngth ynh claahvy fo``hfyloj lj Mgxslygjlg# Tg`` yo`i Ynh Axgsilgj jhqv{g{hs* #Gj| mxvlf |ox qgjy dsom Gdslfg ‖
L mhgj ynhblji od mxvlf yngy {xyv Gdslfg oj ynh mg{
‖
L ngth ly*#Ynh vno{ lv ioqj gj g``h|qg| lj ynh cxvy`lja fg{lyg` gji oddhsv g shdxah dos mxvlf `othsv*Ynh gymov{nhsh hjfoxsgahv dslhji`| fojthsvgyloj gji `hyv fxvyomhsv ygbh ynhls ylmh mgblja g vh`hfyloj* Fxvyomhsv fgj sh`g~ lj
Development Challenges, South-South Solutions: June 2012 Issue
Development Challenges, South-South Solutions is the monthly e-newsletter for the United Nations Development Programme’s South-South Cooperation Unit (www.southerninnovator.org). It has been published every month since 2006.
ISSN 2227-3905
Stories by David South
Design: Sólveig… (More)
ISSN 2227-3905
Stories by David South
Design: Sólveig… (More)
1.2K
Reads
6
Readcasts
0
Embed Views
Get Scribd Mobile
To get Scribd mobile enter your number and we'll send you a link to the Scribd app for iPhone & Android.We've sent a link to the Scribd app. If you didn't receive it, try again.
We'll never share your phone number.
Recommended
More From This User
Notes
Load more
