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Numbers, Algebra, Set Theory
Base Conversion
 
Subscript indicates base32103
4
(base 4)
 
Show place value to
convert to base 10
 
32103
4
=3×4
0
+0×4
1
+1×4
2
+2×4
3
+3×4
4
 32103
4
=915
10
 
 
When foreign base ≥ 10,
capital letters
are usedbase 14:0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 20 …9C 9D A0 A1 A2 … DD 100 … 199 19A 19B …
 
To
convert from base 10
:
o
 
Divide by the largest multiple of the new base
3467
10
→
______
4
 
34674
5
=3.385742…
 
o
 
Integer before decimal (
3
) must < base
3467
10
→
3_____
4
 
o
 
Subtract that integer and multiply by that place value
34674
5
−
3
×4
5
=395
 
o
 
Repeat for the other place values
3954
4
=1.542968…
 
3467
10
→
31____
4
 
1394
3
=2.171875
 
3467
10
→
312___
4
 
114
2
<1
 
3467
10
→
3120__
4
 
114
1
=2.75
 
3467
10
→
31202_
4
 
34
0
=3
 
3467
10
→
312023
4
 
 
Polynomial Algebra
 
3
−
5
2
+7
−
3
 4 termsthe entire line is a polynomial
 
Grabbies:
3(
2
+2
+1)
 
 
Elephants (adding like terms):
6
+4
+2
+
 
 
Binomial Theorem
 
o
 
(
+
)
3
=(
+
)(
+
)(
+
)=
3
+3
2
+3

2
+
3
 
o
 
For the
i
th
term of
(
+
)
:
−
1
 
−
(
−
1)
 
(
−
1)
 
o
 
Example:
(
+2)
5
 
=
5
+5
4
(2)+10
3
(2)
2
+10
2
(2)
3
+5
(2)
4
+2
5
 =
5
+10
4
+40
3
+80
2
+80
+32
 
o
 
Always substitute (separate step) then simplify
 
I Hate Fractions
o
 
Multiply both sides by integer to eliminate all fractions
o
 
When multiplying/dividing both sides of an inequality by a neg. number, switch sign
Rationals (can be written as fractions)
 
Cyclical permutations
 
o
 
Arrangement where order matters
o
 
7
produces a repeating decimal that is a cyclical permutation
 
Repeating decimals
(terminology)
 
o
 
Period 
: the part that repeats
o
 
Long form
: written out to show at least three repetitions (e.g.
2.181818…
)
o
 
 Short form
: written to indicate period and length (e.g.
2.18
�
)
 
Any fraction with a denominator composed of 2s and 5s will not be a repeating decimal
 
All terminating decimals and repeating decimals are rational numbers
 
Non-terminating AND non-repeating decimals are NOT fractions => irrational
o
 
E.g. π (no pattern)
o
 
E.g. 0.01011011101111… (with pattern)
 
Converting repeating decimals to fractions
 
o
 
Let
 x
equal the number (coursepack says in long form)
o
 
Multiply
 x
so that the decimal is after the first period
o
 
Multiply
 x
so that the decimal is before the first period
o
 
Number equations and subtract
o
 
Isolate
 x
 
o
 
Write a concluding statement that answers the original question
 
o
 
Let
=0.218
�
 1000
=218.18
�
 (1)
 
10
= 2.18
�
 (2)
 
(1)
−
(2): 1000
−
10
=216990
990=216990 
=1255 
∴
0.218
�
=1255 
The set of all rational numbers (
ℚ
) combined with the set of all irrational numbers (
ℚ
)produces the set of all real numbers (all numbers which may be written in decimal form) (
ℝ
).
Set Operators
 
Addition is a
binary operator 
on Real numbers (two inputs, one answer)
 
Squaring is a
unary operator 
on Real numbers (one input, one answer)
 
Union
∪
and
intersection
∩
are
binary set operators
 
{1,2,3}
∪
{3,4,5}={1,2,3,4,5}
Union combines two sets (produces a larger set)
{1,2,3}
∩
{3,4,5}={3}
≠
3
Intersection identifies elements common to both sets (produces a
 set 
)
 
Set-builder notation
o
 
{
|
>2,
∈
I}
 (the set of all
 x
such that
 x
is greater than 2 and
 x
is an element of the set of integers)
o
 
Always provide simplest answer 
o
 
{
|
>2 and
<4 or
<6,
∈ ℝ
}
(wrong)AND cannot be used with an OR without brackets
o
 
, implies brackets on both sides
o
 
OR is like union, AND is like intersection
 
Complement
(
unary operator 
) (
′
)The
COMPLEMENT
of a set is all the elements in the
UNIVERSE
but not in the given set.
 
Universe
(
 set 
) (
S
)The
UNIVERSE
is the set of all possible elements in a problem. All other sets in the problem mustbe chosen from
only
these elements. (it is the context of a set)
 
Proper subset
(
comparative
) (
⊂
)Not equal to and one contains fewer elements than the other does. The first is a set chosenentirely from elements contained in the second set.
A
⊂
B
(A is a proper subset of B)
 
Subset
(
comparative
) (
⊆
)Similar to
PROPER SUBSET
, but includes the possibility of equality.
 
Cardinality
(
unary operator 
) (
()
)The number of elements in a set, and is a real number.
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lrsvcc

Wow, really useful, especially for the ESCHLE course ;)

reply01 / 08 / 2010
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