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 1
The commercial law
Definition of the Commercial Law
Commercial Law is that branch of privet law which deal's with rights andduties of trades and certain act which are commercial act.
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ
 
ﺎﺨﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ﻦﻣ
 
عﺮﻔﻟا
 
ﻚﻟذ
 
ﻮھ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟاصﺎﺧ
 
عﻮﻨﻟو
 
رﺎﺠﺘﻠﻟ
 
تﺎﺒﺟاﻮﻟاو
 
قﻮﻘﺤﻟا
 
ﻊﻣ
 
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﯾ
 
يﺬﻟاو
 
ص
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
ﻲھ
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
ﻦﻣ
. 
Principles of the Commercial Law
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ئدﺎﺒﻣ
 
Rapidity
 –
Credit - Predictably - Good faith - Fairness - Party autonomy -Flexibility
Rapidity
ﺔﻋﺮﺴﻟا
 
Commercial law is very faxable in regard of commercial transaction where theparties can change or terminate the contract without the need of courtdecision, also there are provisions in the commercial law that allow the courtto respond fast in case of commercial dispute
ﺪﻘﻌﻟا
 
اﻮﻐﻠﯾ
 
وأ
 
اوﺮﯿﻐﯾ
 
نأ
 
ﺪﻘﻌﻟا
 
فاﺮﻃﻷ
 
ﻦﻜﻤﯾ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ
 
ﻖﻠﻌﺘﯾ
 
ﺎﻤﯿﻓ
 
اﺪﺟ
 
نﺮﻣ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
بوﺎﺠﺘﺗ
 
نأ
 
 ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻠﻟ
 
ﺢﻤﺴﺗ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ﻲﻓ
 
دﻮﻨﺑ
 
كﺎﻨھ
 
نﺈﻓ
 
ﻚﻟﺬﻛو
 
،
 
 ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻟا
 
ﻦﻣ
 
راﺮﻗ
 
ﻰﻟإ
 
 ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا
 
نوﺪﺑ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
فﻼﺨﻟا
 
 ﺔﻟﺎﺣ
 
ﻲﻓ
 
 ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ
. 
Credit:
نﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا
 
The nature of commercial law transactions need credit , where one party willgive loan to another party to be paid back after certain period of time.
هدﺮﺘﺴﯾ
 
ﻢﺛ
 
ﻦﻣو
 
ﺮﺧآ
 
فﺮﻃ
 
ﻰﻟإ
 
ضﺮﻗ
 
ءﺎﻄﻋﺈﺑ
 
فﺮﻃ
 
مﻮﻘﯾ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
،
 
نﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا
 
ﻰﻟإ
 
جﺎﺘﺤﺗ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا
 
 ﺔﻌﯿﺒﻃدﺪﺤﻣ
 
 ﺔﯿﻨﻣز
 
ةﺮﺘﻓ
 
ﺪﻌﺑة
. credit is very important for the commercial life because it helps improving thebusiness
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
ﻞﻤﻌﻟا
 
ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﯾ
 
 ﮫﻧﻷ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
ةﺎﯿﺤﻠﻟ
 
اﺪﺟ
 
يروﺮﺿ
 
نﺎﻤﺘﺋﻻا
 
Subject of the law ?
؟
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ﻖﺒﻄﯾ
 
ﻦﻣ
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
There are two theories that explain the subjects of commercial law
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ﻖﺒﻄﯾ
 
ﻦﻣ
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺘﻟ
 
ﻦﯿﺘﯾﺮﻈﻧ
 
كﺎﻨھ
 
 
 2
Materialism theory :
ﺔﯾدﺎﻤﻟا
 
ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا
: 
This theory states that commercial law will imply on the commercial actswhether they are done by a trader or non-trader.
ﺮﻈﻨﻟا
 
هﺬھﺮﺟﺎﺗ
 
ﺮﯿﻏ
 
وأ
 
ﺮﺟﺎﺗ
 
ﺎﮭﺑ
 
مﺎﻗ
 
ءاﻮﺳ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
ﻖﺒﻄﯿﺳ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
نأ
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
ﺺﻨﺗ
 
 ﺔﯾ
 According to this theory the rules of commercial Law will apply to commercialTransaction done by any person even is he not a trader
ﺎﻘﻟا
 
ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ
 
نﺈﻓ
 
 ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا
 
هﺬﮭﻟ
 
ﺎﻘﺒﻃﻰﺘﺣ
 
ﺺﺨﺷ
 
يأ
 
ﺎﮭﺑ
 
مﻮﻘﯾ
 
ﻲﺘﻟا
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
ﻖﺒﻄﺘﺳ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧ
 
اﺮﺟﺎﺗ
 
ﻦﻜﯾ
 
ﻢﻟ
 
ﻮﻟ
 The theory was criticized where it makes clear distance between commercialActs and non-commercial acts, especially with the advance on commercialworld, where there are mixing in the fields of the law such as the case in thelaw dealing with bankruptcy
ﻊﻣ
 
 ﺔﺻﺎﺧ
 
،
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
ﺮﯿﻏ
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
و
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
ﻦﯿﺑ
 
 ﺔﺤﺿاو
 
 ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻣ
 
ﻊ 
 ﻀ
 ﺗ
 
ﺎﮭﻧأ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
ﺎھدﺎﻘﺘﻧا
 
ﻢﺗ
 
 ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟاﺎﺣ
 
ﻞ
 ﺜ
 ﻣ
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ
 
 ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟا
 
تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا
 
ﻲﻓ
 
ﻞﺧاﺪﺗ
 
كﺎﻨھ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا
 
ﻲﻓ
 
رﻮﻄﺘﻟا
س
ﻼﻓ
ﻹ
ﺎﺑ
 
ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
 ﺔﻟ
. 
Personalzim theory :
ﺔﯿﺼﺨﺸﻟا
 
ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا
 
This theory states that the commercial law apply to traders only, so thecommercial acts will not be subject of the commercial law unless they aredone by traders
ا
 
نأ
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
ﺺﻨﺗ
 
 ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا
 
هﺬھنﻮﻜﺗ
 
ﻦﻟ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
نﺎﻓ
 
اﺬﮭﻟ
 
،
 
 ﻂ
 ﻘﻓ
 
رﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
ﻖﺒﻄﯿﺳ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟ
 
رﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
ﺎﮭﺑ
 
مﺎﻗ
 
اذإ
 
ﻻإ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ
 
 ﺔﻌﺿﺎﺧ
. This theory was criticized where it limits the scope of the law to traders only.
ﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ى
ﺪﻣ
 
دﺪﺤﺗ
 
ﺎﮭﻧإ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
ﺎھدﺎﻘﺘﻧا
 
ﻢﺗ
 
 ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا
 
هﺬھ
 ﻂ
 ﻘﻓ
 
رﺎﺠﺘﻟﺎﺑ
 
ير
 The Bahrain commercial law takes both theories in consideration. Where itapplies the commercial law to the commercial acts and the acts by traders.
ﻷا
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ﻖﺒﻄﯾ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
،
 
نﺎﺒﺴﺤﻟا
 
ﻲﻓ
 
ﻦﯿﺘﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا
 
ﻼﻛ
 
ﺬﺧ
ﺄ
 ﯾ
 
ﻲﻨﯾﺮﺤﺒﻟا
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋ
 
ﺎ
 ﻀ
 ﯾأ
 
رﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻌﻓأ
 
ﻰﻠﻋو
. Commercial acts are different from civil acts where the commercial acts hasthe following criteria
 ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺘﻟا
 
تﺎﻔ
 ﺼ
 ﻟاو
 
ﺺﺋﺎ
 ﺼ
 ﺨﻟا
 
ﺎﮭﻟ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
نأ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
 ﺔﯿﻧﺪﻤﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
ﻦﻋ
 
ﻒ
 ﻠﺘﺨﺗ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
:- 
1 - speculation:
ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻟا
: 
The commercial acts aim to make profit so any act that aim to make profitcommercial act
يرﺎﺠﺗ
 
ﻞﻤﻋ
 
ﻮھ
 
ﺢﺑﺮﻟا
 
ﻰﻠﻋ
 
فﺪﮭﯾ
 
ﻞﻤﻋ
 
ي
ﺄ
 ﻓ
 
اﺬﮭﻟو
 
،
 
ﺢﺑﺮﻟا
 
فﺪﮭﺘﺴﺗ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
. This criteria was criticized where many acts aim to make profit but are notconsidered as commercial act such as the work of the lawyers, doctors , etc
 
 3
 
ﻞﻤﻋ
 
ﻞ
 ﺜ
 ﻣ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ
 
لﺎﻤﻋأ
 
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ
 
ﻻ
 
ﺎﮭﻨﻜﻟو
 
ﺢﺑﺮﻟا
 
فﺪﮭﺘﺴﺗ
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
ﻦﻣ
 
ﺮﯿ
 ﺜ
 ﻜﻟا
 
نأ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
 ﺔﯿﺻﺎﺨﻟا
 
هﺬھ
 
دﺎﻘﺘﻧا
 
ﻢﺗ
 
ﺦ
 ﻟا
 
ةﺮﺗﺎﻛﺪﻟاو
 
ﻦﯿﻣﺎﺤﻤﻟا
 
2 - Circulation :
ﻞﻘﻨﻟاو
 
راﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻا
 
Any act that deal with goods during their movement from the producer to theconsumer, are considered as commercial acts
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ
 
لﺎﻤﻋأ
 
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ
 
ﻚﻠﮭﺘﺴﻤﻟا
 
ﻰﻟإ
 
ﺞ
 ﺘﻨﻤﻟا
 
ﻦﻣ
 
ﺎﮭﺘﻛﺮﺣ
 
ءﺎﻨﺛأ
 
 ﺔﻋﺎ
 ﻀ
 ﺒﻟﺎﺑ
 
ﻖﻠﻌﺘﯾ
 
ﻞﻤﻋ
 
يأ
 This deals with the transfer of the goods from the factory to the buyer.
ﺬھيﺮﺘ
 ﺸ
 ﻤﻟا
 
ﻰﻟإ
 
ﻊﻨ
 ﺼ
 ﻤﻟا
 
ﻦﻣ
 
 ﺔﻋﺎ
 ﻀ
 ﺒﻟا
 
ﻞﻘﻨﺑ
 
ﻖﻠﻌﺘﯾ
 
ا
. 
3 - Commercial Profession:
ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
ﺔﻨﮭﻤﻟا
 
This means that persons will take commercial acts as profession and willpractice these acts on continues basis. so the acts of the traders will besubject to commercial law and they have commercial nature if they are similarto his profession while other acts that are not like his profession will beconsidered civil act such as marriage ,divorce . . etc
هﺬھ
 
س
رﺎﻤﯿﺳو
 
،
 
 ﺔﻨﮭﻤﻛ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
س
رﺎﻤﯿﺳ
 
ﺺﺨ
 ﺸ
 ﻟا
 
نﺎﺑ
 
ﻲﻨﻌﯾ
 
اﺬھةﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ
 
 ﺔﻔ
 ﺼ
 ﺑ
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
.
نﺎﻓ
 
اﺬﮭﻟو
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
ﺎ ﻤﻨﯿﺑ
 
 ﮫﺘﻨﮭﻤﻟ
 
 ﮫﮭﺑﺎ
 ﺸ
 ﻣ
 
ﺖ
 ﻧﺎﻛ
 
اذإ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ
 
 ﺔﻌﯿﺒﻃ
 
ﺎﮭﻟو
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ
 
 ﺔﻌﺿﺎﺧ
 
نﻮﻜﺘﺳ
 
ﺮﺟﺎﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋأ
 
ﺦ
 ﻟا
 
قﻼﻄﻟاو
 
جاو
ﺰ
 ﻟا
 
ﻞ
 ﺜ
 ﻣ
 
 ﺔﯿﻧﺪﻣ
 
لﺎﻤﻋأ
 
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺘﺳ
 
 ﮫﺘﻨﮭﻣ
 
ﻊﻣ
 
ﻞﺛﺎﻤﺘﺗ
 
ﻻ
 
ﻲﺘﻟاو
 
ى
ﺮﺧﻷا
 This criteria was criticized because it does not define the commercial acts
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋ
ﻸ
 ﻟ
 
ﺎﻔﯾﺮﻌﺗ
 
ﻲﻄﻌﺗ
 
ﻻ
 
ﺎﮭﻧإ
 
ﺐ
 ﺒﺴﺑ
 
تﺪﻘﺘﻧا
 
 ﺔﯿﺻﺎﺨﻟا
 
هﺬھ
 
4 - The Enterprise:
ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟا
 The distinction between the commercial acts and civil acts
ﺔﯿﻧﺪﻤﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷاو
 
ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
لﺎﻤﻋﻷا
 
ﻦﯿﺑ
 
ﺰﯿﯿﻤﺘﻟا
 1 - legal jurisdiction :
 Most of countries makes deference between commercial law and civil lawwhere they have to judicial systems (civil courts and commercial courts) suchas France and Belgium,
 ﻧ
 
لوﺪﻟا
 
هﺬﮭﻟ
 
نﻮﻜﯾ
 
ﺚﯿﺣ
 
ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟاو
 
يرﺎﺠﺘﻟا
 
نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
 
ﻦﯿﺑ
 
ﺎﻗﺮﻓ
 
ﻊ 
 ﻀ
 ﺗ
 
لوﺪﻟا
 
ﺮ
 ﺜ
 ﻛأﻦﯿﯿﺋﺎ
 ﻀ
 ﻗ
 
ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻈ
)
ﻢﻛﺎﺤﻣ
 
 ﺔﯾرﺎﺠﺗ
 
ﻢﻛﺎﺤﻣو
 
 ﺔﯿﻧﺪﻣ
(
ﺎﻜﯿﺠﻠﺑو
 
ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ
 
ﻞ
 ﺜ
 ﻣ
. Bahrain adopted one judicial system for both civil and commercial court ,where the same court will look in the commercial case and use thecommercial law and look into the civil case and use the civil law.
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