thecasing and the negativepoleatitsbase.Inthispaper,thetheory behind magneticsurveyingisbriefly reviewedand the fieldtests conductedo deter-mine thetotal-intensity magneticanomaliesdue to 55-gallonsteel drumsand undergroundstorage tanksarebrieflydescribed. Theanomaliesdue to the three drumstestedhadpeakamplitudes ofaround 50gammasandhalf-widthsapproximatelyequalto the11-footsepara-tion betweenthe drumand the magnetometersensor.The half-widthisthe distancebetween the twosides ofan anomalyat intensitiesof one-halfof itspeakvalue.Theseanomaliesweresimilar to thosedue to isolateddipolesbutinadditionto the magnetizationinduced bythe earth'sambient field,both remanent magnetizationand demagnetizationseemedto affect thesignals.Remanentmagnetization isapermanentmagnetizationthatisindependentof theambient field. Demagnetiza-tion isa limit onthe strength of inducedmagnetizationwithinan object imposedby the internalfielddue tothe objectitself. Thesurveyed anomalydue tooneundergroundstoragetank wassimilar to thatdue to aninfinitelylongcylinder magnetizedperpendicularto itsa1i5.However,the anomaly due to twoadjacenttanksalsoresembledhatof a singlebody. Again, remanentmagnetizationanddemagnetizationare thoughttoaffect thesesignals. ftheresultsdescribedhereinarerepresentative,hen thestrengths of anomaliesdue todrums andtanks maydepend more on their volumethan ontheir metalcontent. Also, it maybe difficulttoinfer fromthe shapeof a magneticanomaly theexact .locationand natureof the causativebody. Demagnetiza-tion mayalso influencethe magneticsignals from land-fills containingmany metalobjects.One site survey isdescribedn which thetotal-intensity fieldresembledthat dueto a uniformly rnagnetizedlayerofvaryingthicknessbutdidnot resemblethat due to an assem-bledge of magneticallyndependentobjects.One impli-cation isthat magneticsurveys may not beable tolocateconcentrationsof metal objects,such as drums, withina landfill.Another isthat successful andfillsurveys maybeconductedon arelativelycoarsestationgrid.Thedatafrom a secondsurveyconducted on a l0- by 10-footsquaregridwere analyzedto deterrnine the maxi-mum stationspacing thatcould have beenused. Forthisparticularsite, essentiallyall of thesignal wouldhave been resolvedwithstations on a 2O- by 2O-footgridand thestronger anomalies wouldhavebeendetected ona 50- by 5O-footgrid.TheoryTheGeomagnetic EnvironmentThesignalsina magneticsurvey arepartiallytheresultof,andstrongly influencedby, the arnbient mag-neticfieldof the earth. As a firstapproximationthisgeomagneticfield resembleshatdue to a single axialdipole whose negativeor south magneticpoleistowardthegeographicnorthpole.Thestrength ofthisfieldvaries from60,000gammasnear thepoles,where itplungesverticallyinto theground,to 25,000gammasnear theequator whereitparallelstheearth'ssurface.In anyparticularregion theambient field isdescribedbyits intensity,inclination(orangle to the horizontal),and declination(orangle to geographicnorth). Breiner(1973)includes arge-scalemapsof theseparametersfor thecontinentalUnited States. Fabinoand others(1979)givemoredetailed maps.Thegeomagneticfield isnot constant both inthesense of diurnalvariations of several tensofgammasandoccasionalperiodsofrapid,irregular, transientvariations(magneticstorms).Thediurnalvariationscanbe removed fromsurvey data bydrift corrections basedon either regularbase station ties or the record fromafixedbase-station magnetometer.Magnetic storrns varyin intensityand can makesurveying impractical.TheSpaceEnvironmentServicesDivisionofthe NationalOceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationprovidesrecorded nformationon the currentlevelof theseluc-tuations(telephonenumber(303)497-3235)and afore-cast of theprojectedlevel forthenextfivedays(tele-phonenumber(303)497-3171).t is normallydesirableto knowthe conditionoftheearth'sfieldduring eachday ofa fieldsurvey.Magnetic AnomaliesFollowing Telfordandothers1976,p.111,Equation3.1 ), the magnetic fieldat an externalpoint (f,due toa magnetizedbody canbe expressedas:
dr*)=dI I Jil,-).f#dv(ri
volumewhere:ilisapositionvector withinthe body,Vis thegradientoperator,fi'-i"is the distancebetween the externalpointandpositionwithin thebody,.indicatesthe vector dotproduct,andill(tiis the net magnetizationper unit volume.The netmagnetization isthe vector sum of inducedpu s re manent magnetization s. Remanenrnagnetiza-tionisaperrnanentmagneticmomentperunit volumeandinducedmagnetization istemporary magnetizationthatdisappears f the material is notin a magnetic field.Generally, the induced magnetization isparallelwithandproportionalto the inducing field.Algorithms forcalculating the magneticfields due touniformlymagne-tized, simplegeometricshapesaregivenin severaltexts(e.g.,Grant and West 1965,Nettleton1976,Telfordandothers1976,Robinsonand Coruh1988).Magneticfields are vectorsandmagnetometersmea-sure some attribute of this vector field. Protonpreces-sionmagnetometersmeasurethemaximum intensity(ortotallength of the vector)andfluxgatemagnetome-tersffr€ErSurehe intensity inaparticulardirection(orvectorcomponent).Whenused with dual sensors,mag-netometers also measure thegradientof the attribute;usually in the verticaldirection.Thenet magnetic field to which the magnetometerresponds isthe vectorsum ofthe fielddue to localmagnetizedmaterials and theambient field of theearth.Figure Ishowsthe total intensityfieldduetoa simplemagneticdipole,theambient field of the earth,and thetotal-intensityanomaly that would hedetected during
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